{"v":1,"ledgerId":"antimony-pet","generatedAt":"2026-11-05T22:10:04.699Z","query":"(TITLE:(\"Antimony Trioxide\" OR \"ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE\" OR \"1309-64-4\") OR ABSTRACT:(\"Antimony Trioxide\" OR \"ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE\" OR \"1309-64-4\")) AND (TOXICITY OR EXPOSURE OR \"ENDOCRINE\" OR \"REPRODUCTIVE\" OR CARCINOGEN* OR \"BIOMONITORING\" OR \"SYSTEMATIC REVIEW\") AND SRC:MED AND LANG:eng","totalPapers":66,"lastYearPapers":2,"analysed":25,"byFunding":{"independent":7,"industry":0,"mixed":0,"none_declared":1,"unclear":17},"byDesign":{"human":3,"animal":9,"in_vitro":4,"review":1,"other":8},"byFinding":{"concern":16,"no_effect":7,"mixed":2},"gap":{"independent":{"concern":5,"total":7},"industry":{"concern":0,"total":0}},"fundingSources":{"full_text":3,"grant_metadata":8,"abstract":0,"none":14},"newestPublished":"2026-09-28","papers":[{"id":"pmid:42815322","pmid":"42815322","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2026.109449","title":"Potential mechanisms linking polyethylene terephthalate microplastic-associated exposure factors to abnormal biomineralization.","journal":"Computational biology and chemistry","published":"2026-09-28","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"Computational toxicology and molecular modeling suggest PET microplastic-associated exposure factors, including antimony trioxide, may contribute to abnormal biomineralization through multi-target and multi-pathway mechanisms.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42515134","pmid":"42515134","pmcid":"PMC13418332","doi":"10.3390/toxics14070569","title":"Spp1 Contributes to Nano-Antimony Trioxide-Induced Male Reproductive Toxicity Associated with Inflammatory Response and Blood-Testis Barrier-Related Alterations.","journal":"Toxics","published":"2026-06-28","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure to nano-antimony trioxide in mice reduced sperm motility and density, increased malformations, and impaired blood-testis barrier proteins, potentially mediated by SPP1 upregulation and inflammation.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":true,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\"","COI: \"stock\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:39084369","pmid":"39084369","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175140","title":"Antimony trioxide nanoparticles promote ferroptosis in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) by disrupting iron homeostasis.","journal":"The Science of the total environment","published":"2024-07-30","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Antimony trioxide nanoparticles accumulated in developing zebrafish larvae, disrupting iron homeostasis and promoting ferroptosis, mitochondrial damage, and reactive oxygen species generation.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:37009983","pmid":"37009983","pmcid":"PMC11368139","doi":"10.1177/01926233231157322","title":"Chronic Inhalation Exposure to Antimony Trioxide Exacerbates the MAPK Signaling in Alveolar Bronchiolar Carcinomas in B6C3F1/N Mice.","journal":"Toxicologic pathology","published":"2023-01-01","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Chronic inhalation of antimony trioxide in mice and rats induced lung tumors with Kras and Egfr mutations, activating MAPK signaling pathways.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"NIH\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:36804243","pmid":"36804243","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jes.2022.09.015","title":"Induced transformation of antimony trioxide by Mn(II) oxidation and their co-transformed mechanism.","journal":"Journal of environmental sciences (China)","published":"2022-10-04","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Abiotic oxidation of manganese(II) promoted the oxidative dissolution of antimony trioxide, with most released antimony immobilized by newly formed manganese oxides.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:35717819","pmid":"35717819","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129303","title":"Integrating transcriptome and physiological analysis to reveal the essential responses of Daphnia magna to antimony trioxide nanoparticle.","journal":"Journal of hazardous materials","published":"2022-06-06","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure of Daphnia magna to nano-size antimony trioxide induced oxidative stress, nervous system damage, enhanced autophagy, and inhibited locomotion and nutrient uptake.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:34848460","pmid":"34848460","pmcid":"","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.15425","title":"Activity of Free and Liposomal Antimony Trioxide in the Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell Line NB4.","journal":"Anticancer research","published":"2021-12-01","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Free and liposomal antimony trioxide caused time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species production in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:34590549","pmid":"34590549","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2021.1982332","title":"Evaluation of flame retardancy and flexural property on prepared plastic disks containing known concentrations of flame retardants through simulated weathering tests.","journal":"Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering","published":"2021-09-30","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Simulated weathering of ABS and PC disks resulted in very limited release of antimony and other flame retardants, with no significant differences in flame retardancy or flexural properties.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:33243757","pmid":"33243757","pmcid":"PMC8149478","doi":"10.1136/oemed-2020-106980","title":"Occupational exposure to antimony trioxide: a risk assessment.","journal":"Occupational and environmental medicine","published":"2021-05-13","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"Using NTP rodent inhalation study data, a risk assessment estimated increased human occupational cancer risks from antimony trioxide inhalation under typical and worst-case occupational exposure scenarios.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Institute of Environmental Health\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:32710957","pmid":"32710957","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.taap.2020.115156","title":"Antimony and its compounds: Health impacts related to pulmonary toxicity, cancer, and genotoxicity.","journal":"Toxicology and applied pharmacology","published":"2020-07-22","design":"other","finding":"mixed","summary":"Antimony trioxide inhalation induced lung tumors in rats and mice, while occupational human studies showed pulmonary toxicity without observed carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity tests yielded mixed results.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:31739404","pmid":"31739404","pmcid":"PMC6888331","doi":"10.3390/ijerph16224474","title":"Risk of Cancer for Workers Exposed to Antimony Compounds: A Systematic Review.","journal":"International journal of environmental research and public health","published":"2019-11-14","design":"systematic_review","finding":"concern","summary":"A systematic review concluded that evidence for lung neoplasms from antimony trioxide inhalation in animals is sufficient, and carcinogenicity in exposed workers is probable.","funding":"none_declared","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["none: \"This research received no\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:29908219","pmid":"29908219","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.tox.2018.06.006","title":"The processes and mechanism of antimony sequestered by red blood cells and its metabolic conjugation with hemoglobin in rats.","journal":"Toxicology","published":"2018-06-13","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"In rats, subchronic oral exposure to antimony trioxide led to antimony metabolites conjugating with hemoglobin without affecting hemoglobin oxygen-binding capability.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:33557476","pmid":"33557476","pmcid":"","doi":"10.22427/ntp-tr-590","title":"Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of antimony trioxide in Wistar Han [Crl:WI (Han)] rats and B6C3F1/N mice (inhalation studies).","journal":"National Toxicology Program technical report series","published":"2017-12-01","design":"animal","finding":"mixed","summary":"Male and female Wistar Han rats and B6C3F1/N mice were exposed to antimony trioxide by inhalation for up to two years to evaluate toxicology and carcinogenesis.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:28672853","pmid":"28672853","pmcid":"PMC5551127","doi":"10.3390/ijerph14070689","title":"Assessment of Industrial Antimony Exposure and Immunologic Function for Workers in Taiwan.","journal":"International journal of environmental research and public health","published":"2017-06-26","design":"human_cross_sectional","finding":"concern","summary":"Industrial antimony exposure was negatively associated with serum IgG, IgA, and IgE levels in male workers compared to office administrators.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:28361399","pmid":"28361399","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1007/s11356-017-8805-z","title":"The potential DNA toxic changes among workers exposed to antimony trioxide.","journal":"Environmental science and pollution research international","published":"2017-03-30","design":"human_cross_sectional","finding":"concern","summary":"Workers occupationally exposed to antimony trioxide showed increased DNA damage in the form of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites compared to control subjects.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:27208483","pmid":"27208483","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.05.016","title":"The protective role of Nrf2-Gadd45b against antimony-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in HEK293 cells.","journal":"Toxicology letters","published":"2016-05-18","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Antimony trioxide caused dose-dependent cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species generation, and apoptosis in HEK293 cells, against which the Nrf2-Gadd45b pathway provided a protective role.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:27241743","pmid":"27241743","pmcid":"","doi":"10.3967/bes2016.040","title":"Exposure Assessment of Sb2O3 in PET Food Contact Materials.","journal":"Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES","published":"2016-04-01","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"The Chinese Estimated Daily Intake of antimony trioxide resulting from migration in polyethylene terephthalate food contact materials was calculated to be 90.7 ng per person per day.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:23886749","pmid":"23886749","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.110","title":"Toxicity of new generation flame retardants to Daphnia magna.","journal":"The Science of the total environment","published":"2013-07-23","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Antimony trioxide exhibited moderate toxicity to Daphnia magna with an EC50 of 3.01 mg L(-1).","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"European Union\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:20042882","pmid":"20042882","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1097/jom.0b013e3181c7514a","title":"A health hazard evaluation of antimony exposure in fire fighters.","journal":"Journal of occupational and environmental medicine","published":"2010-01-01","design":"human_cross_sectional","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Firefighters wearing antimony trioxide-containing uniforms had urine antimony levels comparable to non-exposed firefighters, with almost all within national reference ranges.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:19482055","pmid":"19482055","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.tox.2009.05.017","title":"Toxicity of antimony trioxide nanoparticles on human hematopoietic progenitor cells and comparison to cell lines.","journal":"Toxicology","published":"2009-05-29","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Antimony trioxide nanoparticles selectively inhibited erythroid colony development and progenitor proliferation in primary human bone marrow cultures, but had no effect on tested cell lines.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:20165605","pmid":"20165605","pmcid":"PMC2822166","doi":"10.4103/0019-5278.50716","title":"The exposure to and health effects of antimony.","journal":"Indian journal of occupational and environmental medicine","published":"2009-04-01","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"Review indicates that antimony and antimony trioxide exposure can cause eye, skin, and lung irritation, pneumoconiosis, altered electrocardiograms, and gastrointestinal effects.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:19301004","pmid":"19301004","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1007/s00277-009-0736-4","title":"Antimony-trioxide- and arsenic-trioxide-induced apoptosis in myelogenic and lymphatic cell lines, recruitment of caspases, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential are enhanced by modulators of the cellular glutathione redox system.","journal":"Annals of hematology","published":"2009-03-21","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Antimony trioxide induced apoptosis and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in myelogenic and lymphatic cell lines, an effect enhanced by modulators of the cellular glutathione redox system.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:19037809","pmid":"19037809","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1080/10915810802408729","title":"Oral toxicity and bacterial mutagenicity studies with a spunbond polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate polymer fabric.","journal":"International journal of toxicology","published":"2008-09-01","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"A 13-week dietary rat study and bacterial mutagenicity assay of a polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate fabric showed antimony bioavailability but no adverse toxicological effects or mutagenicity.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:18605558","pmid":"18605558","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1021/es703061t","title":"Solubility and toxicity of antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) in soil.","journal":"Environmental science & technology","published":"2008-06-01","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"Antimony trioxide slowly dissolved in soil, causing inhibition of barley root elongation, lettuce shoot biomass, and nitrification after 31 weeks of equilibration at concentrations exceeding background levels.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:17174592","pmid":"17174592","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.10.012","title":"Failure of antimony trioxide to induce micronuclei or chromosomal aberrations in rat bone-marrow after sub-chronic oral dosing.","journal":"Mutation research","published":"2006-12-15","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Oral dosing of antimony trioxide up to 1000 mg/kg/day for 21 days did not induce chromosomal aberrations or micronuclei in rat bone marrow.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false}],"model":"gemini-3.8-flash","run":{"aiCalls":40,"cachedPapers":0,"offTopic":15,"inputTokens":28244,"outputTokens":5368}}