{"v":1,"ledgerId":"e171","generatedAt":"2026-11-05T20:55:59.951Z","query":"(TITLE:(\"Titanium Dioxide\" OR \"CI 77891\" OR \"TITANIUM DIOXIDE\" OR \"E171\" OR \"13463-67-7\") OR ABSTRACT:(\"Titanium Dioxide\" OR \"CI 77891\" OR \"TITANIUM DIOXIDE\" OR \"E171\" OR \"13463-67-7\")) AND (TOXICITY OR EXPOSURE OR \"ENDOCRINE\" OR \"REPRODUCTIVE\" OR CARCINOGEN* OR \"BIOMONITORING\" OR \"SYSTEMATIC REVIEW\") AND SRC:MED AND LANG:eng","totalPapers":4921,"lastYearPapers":383,"analysed":19,"byFunding":{"independent":7,"industry":0,"mixed":0,"none_declared":0,"unclear":12},"byDesign":{"human":0,"animal":12,"in_vitro":3,"review":0,"other":4},"byFinding":{"concern":17,"no_effect":1,"mixed":1},"gap":{"independent":{"concern":6,"total":7},"industry":{"concern":0,"total":0}},"fundingSources":{"full_text":0,"grant_metadata":9,"abstract":0,"none":10},"newestPublished":"2026-10-29","papers":[{"id":"pmid:42954363","pmid":"42954363","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2026.2747796","title":"Cytotoxicity comparison of different crystal forms of titanium dioxide nanoparticles following UVC activation of photocatalytic activity.","journal":"Drug and chemical toxicology","published":"2026-10-29","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"UVC-activated rutile and anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles increased cell death in human hepatocytes and produced systemic toxicity and genotoxicity in orally exposed mice.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42951022","pmid":"42951022","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2026.100650","title":"Evaluation of the environmental fate and toxicity of product-released and exposed engineered nanomaterials from commercial products in aquatic systems.","journal":"NanoImpact","published":"2026-10-28","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Engineered nanomaterials including titanium dioxide released from commercial products showed dose-dependent adverse effects on zebrafish embryo hatching rate and mortality.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42946282","pmid":"42946282","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.105211","title":"Neurotoxicity and mechanism of titanium dioxide nanoparticles.","journal":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","published":"2026-10-27","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"A review summarizes titanium dioxide nanoparticle central nervous system entry routes, brain distribution, and neurotoxic mechanisms including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42966222","pmid":"42966222","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bioorg.2026.110672","title":"The potential impact of radiation-synthesized chitosan coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles on hepatocellular carcinoma: Modulation of autophagy via AMPK, mTOR, and ULK-1 pathways in a rat model.","journal":"Bioorganic chemistry","published":"2026-10-20","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Chitosan-coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles reduced hepatic injury, restored redox balance and autophagy signaling, and suppressed tumor markers in a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42862507","pmid":"42862507","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04995-8","title":"Silica nanoparticles antagonize while titania nanoparticles synergize silver nanoparticle toxicity in zebrafish.","journal":"Discover nano","published":"2026-10-12","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles synergized silver nanoparticle-induced lethality in acute exposure and exacerbated liver damage while suppressing antioxidant defenses during chronic co-exposure in zebrafish.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Science Foundation\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42868644","pmid":"42868644","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2026.110944","title":"Green synthesis of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera gum and evaluation of their adulticidal activity against ticks and hippoboscid flies.","journal":"Veterinary parasitology","published":"2026-10-12","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Green-synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles demonstrated adulticidal activity against ticks and hippoboscid flies in a 24-hour bioassay.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42868218","pmid":"42868218","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1002/jbt.71133","title":"Titanium Dioxide Exacerbates Calcium Phosphate and Urate-Induced Oxidative Stress, Injury and Inflammatory Response in Human Kidney-2 Cells.","journal":"Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology","published":"2026-10-01","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles combined with calcium phosphate and uric acid crystals increased store-operated calcium entry, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and cytotoxicity in human kidney tubular cells.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42915644","pmid":"42915644","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c12176","title":"Gut Microbiota-Derived Indole-3-propionic Acid Attenuates Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Induced Liver Injury by Targeting Kupffer Cells via the Gut-Liver Axis.","journal":"ACS nano","published":"2026-10-01","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Chronic oral exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles caused dose-dependent liver injury and gut microbiota disruption in mice, which was alleviated by gut microbiota-derived indole-3-propionic acid.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42780437","pmid":"42780437","pmcid":"PMC13597285","doi":"10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103674","title":"Digestive-transformed titanium dioxide nanoparticles disrupt intestinal barrier via mitoxyperilysis mediated by mTOR-cytoskeleton axis dysregulation.","journal":"Materials today. Bio","published":"2026-09-15","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Simulated digested titanium dioxide nanoparticles disrupt the intestinal barrier and induce cell death via mTOR-cytoskeleton axis dysregulation and localized mitochondrial lipid peroxidation.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42668135","pmid":"42668135","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.tox.2026.154573","title":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce neurotoxicity through PI3K/Akt-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis.","journal":"Toxicology","published":"2026-08-29","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Oral exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles aggravated motor dysfunction and neuronal degeneration in mice and triggered PI3K/Akt-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42614804","pmid":"42614804","pmcid":"PMC13484639","doi":"10.1039/d6ra05133b","title":"Polystyrene microplastics reduce the food chain transfer and toxicity of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles in crustacean <i>Artemia salina</i> through dietary exposure of microalga <i>Chlorella</i> sp.: impact of visible light and ultraviolet-A radiation.","journal":"RSC advances","published":"2026-08-18","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Dietary exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles via microalgae reduced survival, enhanced oxidative stress, and altered neurotransmitter activity in Artemia salina, effects that were mitigated by polystyrene microplastics.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42603536","pmid":"42603536","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.120261","title":"Nano‑titanium dioxide alters carbamazepine accumulation and aggravates gonadal toxicity and transcriptomic disruption in thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus.","journal":"Marine pollution bulletin","published":"2026-08-15","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure to nano-titanium dioxide and carbamazepine increased bioaccumulation and aggravated gonadal histopathological damage, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and transcriptomic disruption in thick shell mussels.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42594972","pmid":"42594972","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.taap.2026.117996","title":"Gestational inhalation of nanoparticles alters placental glucose transporter expression and increases glucose flux in rats.","journal":"Toxicology and applied pharmacology","published":"2026-08-13","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Gestational inhalation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in rats altered placental glucose transporter expression and increased ex vivo placental glucose flux.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"NIEHS\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42566896","pmid":"42566896","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.150644","title":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in postharvest fruit preservation: diverse application modes, functional roles, and current challenges.","journal":"Food chemistry","published":"2026-07-31","design":"other","finding":"mixed","summary":"This review summarizes the use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in postharvest fruit preservation, noting preservation benefits along with challenges including potential migration and toxicity.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42508741","pmid":"42508741","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110638","title":"Combined effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and salinity fluctuations on the energy metabolism and physiological health of Mytilus coruscus.","journal":"Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP","published":"2026-07-27","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles combined with salinity fluctuations inhibited feeding and absorption rates, altered metabolic pathways, and impaired energy storage in Mytilus coruscus.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42466852","pmid":"42466852","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1080/21691401.2026.2694921","title":"Gut microbiota-nanoparticle interactions in Parkinson's disease: mechanistic insights and therapeutic perspective.","journal":"Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology","published":"2026-07-17","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"This review synthesizes evidence that titanium dioxide nanoparticles alter gut microbial composition, linking nanomaterial exposure to gut-brain mechanisms and potential Parkinson's disease pathogenesis.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42442434","pmid":"42442434","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2026.07.023","title":"Liver-derived, circulating xanthine oxidoreductase drives vascular impairment associated with inhalation of ultrafine particulates.","journal":"Free radical biology & medicine","published":"2026-07-13","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure to nano titanium dioxide in mice upregulated and released hepatic xanthine oxidoreductase into circulation, contributing to impaired vascular reactivity and endothelial dysfunction.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Institutes of Health\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42432274","pmid":"42432274","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1007/s12011-026-05226-y","title":"Protective Effects of Virgin Olive Oil Against Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Induced Hepato-Renal Toxicity: Evidence from Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Restoration of Antioxidant Enzyme Activities.","journal":"Biological trace element research","published":"2026-07-11","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticle exposure in male Wistar rats induced oxidative stress, altered hematological parameters, and hepato-renal toxicity, which were mitigated by virgin olive oil supplementation.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42218974","pmid":"42218974","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.tox.2026.154512","title":"Cell Painting phenomics reveals size-dependent phenotypic responses to titanium dioxide nanoparticles in HepG2 cells.","journal":"Toxicology","published":"2026-05-30","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Cell Painting phenomics in HepG2 cells demonstrated size-dependent and concentration-dependent phenotypic perturbations and modest viability reductions following titanium dioxide nanoparticle exposure.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false}],"model":"gemini-3.8-flash","run":{"aiCalls":40,"cachedPapers":0,"offTopic":21,"inputTokens":27218,"outputTokens":5111}}