{"v":1,"ledgerId":"homosalate","generatedAt":"2026-11-05T21:36:30.353Z","query":"(TITLE:(\"Homosalate\" OR \"HOMOSALATE\" OR \"3,3,5-TRIMETHYLCYCLOHEXYL SALICYLATE\" OR \"118-56-9\") OR ABSTRACT:(\"Homosalate\" OR \"HOMOSALATE\" OR \"3,3,5-TRIMETHYLCYCLOHEXYL SALICYLATE\" OR \"118-56-9\")) AND (TOXICITY OR EXPOSURE OR \"ENDOCRINE\" OR \"REPRODUCTIVE\" OR CARCINOGEN* OR \"BIOMONITORING\" OR \"SYSTEMATIC REVIEW\") AND SRC:MED AND LANG:eng","totalPapers":95,"lastYearPapers":18,"analysed":33,"byFunding":{"independent":12,"industry":1,"mixed":1,"none_declared":1,"unclear":18},"byDesign":{"human":2,"animal":12,"in_vitro":8,"review":0,"other":11},"byFinding":{"concern":17,"no_effect":16,"mixed":0},"gap":{"independent":{"concern":7,"total":12},"industry":{"concern":0,"total":1}},"fundingSources":{"full_text":7,"grant_metadata":14,"abstract":0,"none":12},"newestPublished":"2026-11-03","papers":[{"id":"pmid:42958843","pmid":"42958843","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1080/15376516.2026.2755745","title":"Integrated genotoxic, developmental, and <i>in-silico</i> assessment of organic UV-filters Octocrylene and Homosalate in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>.","journal":"Toxicology mechanisms and methods","published":"2026-11-03","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Octocrylene induced dose-dependent genotoxicity, developmental impairment, and demonstrated binding affinity to EGFR and Eip75B in Drosophila melanogaster.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42880577","pmid":"42880577","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2026.129336","title":"Homosalate and UVB co-exposure triggers metabolic disruption and impairs energy homeostasis and antioxidant defenses in early life stages of yellowstripe goby (Mugilogobius chulae).","journal":"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)","published":"2026-10-15","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Homosalate exposure altered energy balance and endocrine function in yellowstripe goby embryos, with UVB co-exposure exacerbating developmental, metabolic, and neural disruptions.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42832941","pmid":"42832941","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143789","title":"Occurrence features, source apportionment, and exposure risks of organic ultraviolet absorbers in surface dust, soil, and PM<sub>2.5</sub> in a semi-arid industrial city of Xi'an, China.","journal":"Journal of hazardous materials","published":"2026-10-01","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Analysis of organic UV absorbers including ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate in surface dust, topsoil, and PM2.5 in Xi'an found human exposure risks were below non-carcinogenic risk thresholds.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42743705","pmid":"42743705","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120781","title":"Spermidine ameliorates homosalate-induced mouse oocyte defects via regulation of mitochondria and cytoskeleton.","journal":"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety","published":"2026-09-16","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Homosalate exposure delayed meiotic progression and impaired mitochondrial and cytoskeletal function in mouse oocytes, which was mitigated by spermidine supplementation.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42594379","pmid":"42594379","pmcid":"PMC13472651","doi":"10.1111/phpp.70116","title":"Evaluating the Efficacy of Sunscreen Formulas in Reducing UV Filter Permeation Into the Stratum Corneum via In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectroscopy: Insights and Applications for Practical Suncare Product Design.","journal":"Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine","published":"2026-09-01","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Homosalate exhibited high skin permeation via confocal Raman spectroscopy, which was reduced by optimizing formulation components including thickeners and emulsifiers.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42916227","pmid":"42916227","pmcid":"PMC13614191","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.6c09445","title":"Assessing UV Filter Exposure in Queensland, Australia: Human Biomonitoring Evidence Highlighting Homosalate in Children.","journal":"Environmental science & technology","published":"2026-09-01","design":"human_cross_sectional","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Biomonitoring of pooled urine samples in Australia from 2012 to 2023 showed octocrylene biomarker levels increased over time and were highest in children.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42462094","pmid":"42462094","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1093/inteam/vjag112","title":"Organic UV Filter Exposure in Children of Indonesia, Thailand, and Saudi Arabia - Urinary Concentrations, Risks, and Potential Sources.","journal":"Integrated environmental assessment and management","published":"2026-07-15","design":"human_cross_sectional","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Urinary biomonitoring of 301 children in three countries found widespread octocrylene exposure linked to non-sunscreen sources, with metabolite levels below the HBM-I value.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42276349","pmid":"42276349","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128571","title":"Embryonic developmental toxicity and potential endocrine disruption in an estuarine benthic fish under binary and ternary exposures to organic ultraviolet absorbents.","journal":"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)","published":"2026-06-11","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure of Mugilogobius chulae embryos to homosalate mixtures decreased heart rate and upregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis-related genes.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41712751","pmid":"41712751","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgag047","title":"Probabilistic emissions model for organic UV filters released to recreational waters during swimming/bathing events.","journal":"Environmental toxicology and chemistry","published":"2026-06-01","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"A probabilistic kinetic model estimated the mass of organic UV filters, including oxybenzone, released into recreational waters from sunscreen during swimming events.","funding":"industry","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["industry: \"Personal Care Products Council\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42278310","pmid":"42278310","pmcid":"PMC13256810","doi":"10.3390/ijms27114777","title":"Pyroptosis- and Necroptosis-Related Signaling in Salicylate UV Absorber-Induced Toxicity: Implications for Sustainable Chemistry and Human Health.","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","published":"2026-05-26","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Homosalate induced cellular damage, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and activated pyroptosis and necroptosis pathways in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and zebrafish.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Department of Science and Technology\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41979044","pmid":"41979044","pmcid":"PMC13077562","doi":"10.1002/jev2.70271","title":"Nano-Flow Cytometry of Single Extracellular Vesicles Reveals Subpopulation Differences Across Cell Types and Pharmacological Perturbations.","journal":"Journal of extracellular vesicles","published":"2026-04-01","design":"in_vitro","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Nano-flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that homosalate increased the proportion of CD9+/CD63+ extracellular vesicles released by human cell lines.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Agence Nationale de la Recherche\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41726609","pmid":"41726609","pmcid":"PMC12917627","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.5c09234","title":"<i>In Silico</i> Perspective on Avobenzone, Octisalate, Octocrylene, Homosalate, and Bemotrizinol as Organic UV Filters Using DFT, TD-DFT, and Molecular Dynamics.","journal":"ACS omega","published":"2026-02-02","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Computational DFT and molecular dynamics simulations evaluated the electronic properties, absorption spectra, and solvent effects of organic UV filters, including octocrylene.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41592362","pmid":"41592362","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110083","title":"Endogenous 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid mediates amplified estrogenic responses under nanoplastic-homosalate coexposure.","journal":"Environment international","published":"2026-01-21","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Coexposure to homosalate and polystyrene nanospheres amplified estrogenic responses in ovariectomized mice and MCF-7 cells through ERα-ALOX15-dependent 15(S)-HETE production and PI3K/AKT/SGK1 signaling.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41518963","pmid":"41518963","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.119195","title":"Occurrence of twelve UV filters and evidence of cis-octinoxate formation in Adriatic coastal waters: Environmental implications.","journal":"Marine pollution bulletin","published":"2026-01-09","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"4-Methylbenzylidene camphor was detected alongside other UV filters in seawater samples collected along the Adriatic coast during peak recreational activity.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Ministerio de\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41319926","pmid":"41319926","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bcp.2025.117564","title":"Assessing the hepatic metabolism of six sunscreen ultraviolet filters: In vitro-in vivo extrapolation approach using human liver microsomes and hepatic parameter predictions for exposure risk assessment.","journal":"Biochemical pharmacology","published":"2025-11-28","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"In vitro testing with human liver microsomes showed octocrylene had relatively higher half-lives, suggesting potential for bioaccumulation.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41015112","pmid":"41015112","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127161","title":"Innovative analytical techniques for identifying metabolites of the UV filter homosalate through UPLC-MS: Environmental and health implications.","journal":"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)","published":"2025-09-25","design":"in_vitro","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Untargeted metabolomics identified nine potential homosalate metabolites from human liver enzyme incubations, including major metabolite salicylic acid and two novel structure-specific isomers.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40911743","pmid":"40911743","pmcid":"","doi":"10.36849/jdd.9191","title":"Retrospective Review of Dermal Safety Studies of Organic Sunscreens.","journal":"Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD","published":"2025-09-01","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"A retrospective review of dermal safety data found no to minimal risks of irritation, sensitization, photo-allergy, and photo-toxicity from sunscreens containing homosalate and other chemical UV filters.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40712201","pmid":"40712201","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126830","title":"Organic ultraviolet filters in the blubber of two free-ranging deep-diving cetacean species.","journal":"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)","published":"2025-07-24","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Octocrylene and three other organic UV filters were detected and quantified in the blubber of short-finned pilot whales and sperm whales off Madeira Island.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Fundação para a Ciência\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40181201","pmid":"40181201","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf090","title":"Single-species tests fall short: broadening toxicity assessments of organic UV filters on marine microalgae.","journal":"Environmental toxicology and chemistry","published":"2025-07-01","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Homosalate exposure significantly affected growth rate and chlorophyll a fluorescence across multiple marine microalgae species in 72-hour tests.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40383423","pmid":"40383423","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2025.121886","title":"Human exposure and health risks to ultraviolet filters in personal care products marketed in China.","journal":"Environmental research","published":"2025-05-16","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"Analysis of UV filters in personal care products in China found that homosalate made a large contribution to toxic activity assay results.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:39891809","pmid":"39891809","pmcid":"PMC11850500","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36008-z","title":"Short-term and long-term effects of microplastics and organic UV-filters on the invertebrate model species Daphnia magna.","journal":"Environmental science and pollution research international","published":"2025-02-01","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure of Daphnia magna to an organic UV-filter mixture containing homosalate, alone or with microplastics, altered heart rate, delayed reproduction, reduced neonate numbers, and affected cellular defense pathways.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40208192","pmid":"40208192","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2462642","title":"Mode of action approach supports a lack of carcinogenic potential of six organic UV filters.","journal":"Critical reviews in toxicology","published":"2025-02-01","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"A mode of action approach combining in vivo, in vitro, and in silico data indicated that homosalate and five other UV filters lack carcinogenic potential.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:39659890","pmid":"39659890","pmcid":"PMC11631346","doi":"10.1155/ije/2564389","title":"Interference Mechanisms of Endocrine System and Other Systems of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Cosmetics-In Vitro Studies.","journal":"International journal of endocrinology","published":"2024-12-03","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"In vitro assays in human cell lines indicate cosmetic endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including homosalate, disrupt endocrine regulation and impact reproductive, immune, and cardiovascular systems.","funding":"none_declared","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["none: \"did not receive any specific grant\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:39451570","pmid":"39451570","pmcid":"PMC11505814","doi":"10.3390/cimb46100690","title":"Homosalate and ERK Knockdown in the Modulation of Aurelia coerulea Metamorphosis by Regulating the PI3K Pathway and ERK Pathway.","journal":"Current issues in molecular biology","published":"2024-10-18","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Homosalate acted as a PI3K agonist and significantly delayed metamorphosis development in Aurelia coerulea by regulating the PI3K/Akt and ERK pathways.","funding":"mixed","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["industry: \"Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China) This research was funded\"","public: \"Municipal\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:39413646","pmid":"39413646","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117170","title":"Thyroid and growth hormone endocrine disruption and mechanisms of homosalate and octisalate using wild-type, thrαa-/-, and dre-miR-499-/- zebrafish embryo/larvae.","journal":"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety","published":"2024-10-15","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Homosalate exposure altered thyroid and growth hormone levels and gene expression in zebrafish larvae, reducing survival in knockout strains and disrupting HPT and GH/IGF axes.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Research Foundation\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:39366447","pmid":"39366447","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125063","title":"In vitro study of the UV-filter homosalate effects on rat and human thyroid cells.","journal":"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)","published":"2024-10-02","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"In vitro exposure of rat and human thyroid cells to homosalate caused cytotoxicity at high concentrations, genotoxicity in rat cells, and altered thyroid-related gene expression.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:39277128","pmid":"39277128","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124953","title":"Are UV filters better together? A comparison of the toxicity of individual ultraviolet filters and off-the-shelf sunscreens to Daphnia magna.","journal":"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)","published":"2024-09-13","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure of Daphnia magna to individual UV filters including homosalate and sunscreen mixtures resulted in mortality and impaired reproduction, growth, and metabolism.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Research Council\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:38833378","pmid":"38833378","pmcid":"PMC11166411","doi":"10.1289/ehp14939","title":"Synergy under the Sun? Nanoplastics Enhance Estrogenicity of Common UV-Blocker.","journal":"Environmental health perspectives","published":"2024-06-04","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Coexposure of human cells and zebrafish to nanoplastics and homosalate increased tissue plastic levels, estrogenic activity, and gene expression changes compared to single exposures.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:38485782","pmid":"38485782","pmcid":"PMC10965677","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03704-7","title":"Toxicokinetics of homosalate in humans after dermal application: applicability of oral-route data for exposure assessment by human biomonitoring.","journal":"Archives of toxicology","published":"2024-03-14","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Dermal application of sunscreen containing homosalate in four human volunteers demonstrated delayed elimination with terminal half-times around 24 hours and isomer-dependent bioavailability.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:38381479","pmid":"38381479","pmcid":"PMC10880820","doi":"10.1289/ehp13696","title":"Combined Effects of Polystyrene Nanosphere and Homosolate Exposures on Estrogenic End Points in MCF-7 Cells and Zebrafish.","journal":"Environmental health perspectives","published":"2024-02-21","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Polystyrene nanospheres exacerbated homosalate-induced estrogenic disruption, impaired reproduction, and altered hormone levels and gene expression in MCF-7 cells and zebrafish.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:38227338","pmid":"38227338","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00287","title":"Identification, Organic Synthesis, and Sensitive Analysis of a cis-Homosalate-Specific Exposure Biomarker.","journal":"Chemical research in toxicology","published":"2024-01-16","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Researchers synthesized and identified a cis-homosalate-specific urinary biomarker and developed a sensitive LC-MS/MS method capable of quantifying the metabolite for 96 hours following sunscreen application.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:38010544","pmid":"38010544","pmcid":"PMC10754744","doi":"10.1007/s11356-023-31063-w","title":"Microbial consortia degrade several widely used organic UV filters, but a number of hydrophobic filters remain recalcitrant to biodegradation.","journal":"Environmental science and pollution research international","published":"2023-11-27","design":"in_vitro","finding":"no_effect","summary":"A synthetic bacterial consortium degraded 60-80% of homosalate within 12 days, while some commercial microbial consortia also degraded it to a lesser extent.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"ANR\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:37769994","pmid":"37769994","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.xphs.2023.09.017","title":"Mechanistic Skin Modeling of Plasma Concentrations of Sunscreen Active Ingredients Following Facial Application.","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical sciences","published":"2023-09-26","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"A mechanistic skin model simulated plasma concentrations of sunscreen active ingredients including homosalate, finding that facial application reduces human safety concerns relative to FDA thresholds.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false}],"model":"gemini-3.8-flash","run":{"aiCalls":29,"cachedPapers":11,"offTopic":7,"inputTokens":19071,"outputTokens":3817}}