{"v":1,"ledgerId":"kojic-arbutin","generatedAt":"2026-11-05T22:20:35.999Z","query":"(TITLE:(\"Kojic Acid\" OR \"KOJIC ACID\" OR \"ALPHA-ARBUTIN\" OR \"BETA-ARBUTIN\" OR \"501-30-4\") OR ABSTRACT:(\"Kojic Acid\" OR \"KOJIC ACID\" OR \"ALPHA-ARBUTIN\" OR \"BETA-ARBUTIN\" OR \"501-30-4\")) AND (TOXICITY OR EXPOSURE OR \"ENDOCRINE\" OR \"REPRODUCTIVE\" OR CARCINOGEN* OR \"BIOMONITORING\" OR \"SYSTEMATIC REVIEW\") AND SRC:MED AND LANG:eng","totalPapers":512,"lastYearPapers":49,"analysed":9,"byFunding":{"independent":3,"industry":0,"mixed":0,"none_declared":1,"unclear":5},"byDesign":{"human":0,"animal":4,"in_vitro":1,"review":0,"other":4},"byFinding":{"concern":1,"no_effect":6,"mixed":2},"gap":{"independent":{"concern":1,"total":3},"industry":{"concern":0,"total":0}},"fundingSources":{"full_text":4,"grant_metadata":2,"abstract":0,"none":3},"newestPublished":"2026-10-05","papers":[{"id":"pmid:42864801","pmid":"42864801","pmcid":"","doi":"10.2174/0113816128483347260927073907","title":"A Review on Mechanisms of Action and Signaling Pathways of Natural Anti-hyperpigmentation Agents.","journal":"Current pharmaceutical design","published":"2026-10-05","design":"other","finding":"mixed","summary":"This review examines signaling pathways in hyperpigmentation and evaluates the therapeutic efficacy, safety, and toxicity profiles of natural skin-lightening agents including arbutin and kojic acid.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42678138","pmid":"42678138","pmcid":"PMC13532374","doi":"10.1002/ame2.70285","title":"Neuroprotection after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in male rats using kojic acid nanostructured lipid carriers: A behavioral, biochemical, and histological study on hippocampal CA1 region.","journal":"Animal models and experimental medicine","published":"2026-09-01","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Kojic acid and nanoformulated kojic acid reduced brain edema, improved neurological and behavioral outcomes, and preserved hippocampal neurons in rats subjected to cerebral ischemia.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42654049","pmid":"42654049","pmcid":"PMC13516491","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics18080933","title":"Kojic Acid as a Natural Hypopigmenting Agent: Biological Activities, Delivery Challenges, and Nanotechnology-Based Strategies.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","published":"2026-07-29","design":"other","finding":"mixed","summary":"This narrative review examines kojic acid's biological activity, limitations including adverse effects and poor stability, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems designed to enhance therapeutic efficacy.","funding":"none_declared","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["none: \"This research received no\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42598733","pmid":"42598733","pmcid":"PMC13472739","doi":"10.7759/cureus.112676","title":"Treatment of Refractory Centrofacial Melasma in a 64-Year-Old Female Using the NewMelan Depigmentation System: A Case Report.","journal":"Cureus","published":"2026-07-14","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"A topical formulation containing arbutin, kojic acid, and azelaic acid progressively reduced refractory facial melasma in a 64-year-old female after one month of treatment.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41655265","pmid":"41655265","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1002/mabi.202500454","title":"Preparation and Evaluation of the Synergistic Benefits of a Glycoside-Pyrone-Based Multifunctional System as a Possible Regulator for Melanogenesis.","journal":"Macromolecular bioscience","published":"2026-02-01","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"An arbutin-kojic acid multifunctional gel exhibited antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity and showed biocompatibility and biosafety based on hematological and biochemical parameters in rats.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Ministry of\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41641146","pmid":"41641146","pmcid":"PMC12867113","doi":"10.22038/ijbms.2025.89790.19367","title":"Neuroprotective effects of kojic acid and nano-kojic acid in experimental brain ischemia induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion.","journal":"Iranian journal of basic medical sciences","published":"2026-01-01","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Kojic acid and nano-kojic acid reduced neuronal loss, oxidative stress markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a rat model of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Research Council\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42499700","pmid":"42499700","pmcid":"PMC13399954","doi":"10.1159/000552673","title":"High-Potency Depigmenting Mask Delivered via 1,927-nm Fractional Laser in Refractory Melasma: A Pilot Case Series.","journal":"Case reports in dermatology","published":"2026-01-01","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Laser-assisted delivery of a compounded depigmenting mask containing kojic acid improved refractory melasma in six women with no significant adverse events.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42518494","pmid":"42518494","pmcid":"PMC13384227","doi":"","title":"Kojic Acid Dipalmitate-Loaded Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.","journal":"Journal of nanotechnology and nanomaterials","published":"2026-01-01","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Kojic acid dipalmitate-loaded nanoparticles demonstrated cellular uptake and caused concentration-dependent reductions in cell viability in triple-negative breast cancer cells.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"NIH\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42929246","pmid":"42929246","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1177/22808000261502102","title":"Arbutin/kojic acid-loaded MHA hydrogel array patches attenuate UVB-induced epidermal hyperplasia and remodeling-associated responses.","journal":"Journal of applied biomaterials & functional materials","published":"2026-01-01","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Arbutin- and kojic acid-loaded hydrogel patches attenuated UVB-induced epidermal thickening and extracellular matrix remodeling responses in hairless mice without altering body weight or inflammatory markers.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false}],"model":"gemini-3.8-flash","run":{"aiCalls":40,"cachedPapers":0,"offTopic":31,"inputTokens":27725,"outputTokens":5177}}