{"v":1,"ledgerId":"pegs-dioxane","generatedAt":"2026-11-05T22:06:12.183Z","query":"(TITLE:(\"Ethoxylated Surfactants\" OR \"SODIUM LAURETH SULFATE\" OR \"PEG-100 STEARATE\" OR \"PEG-40 HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL\" OR \"9004-82-4\") OR ABSTRACT:(\"Ethoxylated Surfactants\" OR \"SODIUM LAURETH SULFATE\" OR \"PEG-100 STEARATE\" OR \"PEG-40 HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL\" OR \"9004-82-4\")) AND (TOXICITY OR EXPOSURE OR \"ENDOCRINE\" OR \"REPRODUCTIVE\" OR CARCINOGEN* OR \"BIOMONITORING\" OR \"SYSTEMATIC REVIEW\") AND SRC:MED AND LANG:eng","totalPapers":42,"lastYearPapers":3,"analysed":28,"byFunding":{"independent":12,"industry":0,"mixed":1,"none_declared":0,"unclear":15},"byDesign":{"human":1,"animal":5,"in_vitro":12,"review":2,"other":8},"byFinding":{"concern":11,"no_effect":11,"mixed":6},"gap":{"independent":{"concern":5,"total":12},"industry":{"concern":0,"total":0}},"fundingSources":{"full_text":7,"grant_metadata":8,"abstract":0,"none":13},"newestPublished":"2026-03-10","papers":[{"id":"pmid:41819397","pmid":"41819397","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104992","title":"Mechanistic in vitro evaluation of surfactant-induced skin irritation: Correlating micellar physicochemistry with 3D reconstructed human epidermis, zein, and ecotoxicity endpoints.","journal":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","published":"2026-03-10","design":"in_vitro","finding":"mixed","summary":"Surfactants forming small, mobile micelles reduced reconstructed human epidermis viability and increased irritancy, whereas non-ionic surfactants with larger aggregates showed lower toxicity.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Ministerio de\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41304500","pmid":"41304500","pmcid":"PMC12656482","doi":"10.3390/toxics13110948","title":"From Safety Evaluation to Influencing Factors Analysis: A Comprehensive Investigation on Ocular Irritation of Baby Bath Products.","journal":"Toxics","published":"2025-11-03","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Testing of baby bath products and ingredients identified ocular irritation risks for surfactants including SLES, with irritation varying by source and formulation combinations.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Natural Science Foundation\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40977325","pmid":"40977325","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5c05147","title":"State of the Science on 1,4-Dioxane: Emission Sources, Global Contamination, and Regulatory Disparities.","journal":"Environmental science & technology","published":"2025-09-22","design":"systematic_review","finding":"concern","summary":"Global 1,4-dioxane emissions have risen significantly, increasingly driven by ethoxylated surfactant manufacturing and household product use, expanding contamination into surface and drinking water.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:39919236","pmid":"39919236","pmcid":"PMC11816303","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgae030","title":"Emissions of water-soluble polymers from household products to the environment: a prioritization study.","journal":"Environmental toxicology and chemistry","published":"2025-02-01","design":"other","finding":"mixed","summary":"Sodium laureth sulfate was identified as having the highest down-the-drain environmental emissions among household water-soluble polymers, highlighting ecotoxicity and fate data gaps.","funding":"mixed","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["industry: \"Reckitt\"","public: \"Research Council\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:39282719","pmid":"39282719","pmcid":"PMC11962709","doi":"10.1111/ics.13023","title":"Development and characterization of topical formulation for maintenance therapy containing sorbitan monostearate with and without PEG-100-stearate.","journal":"International journal of cosmetic science","published":"2024-09-16","design":"in_vitro","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Formulations containing sorbitan monostearate with or without PEG-100-stearate compensated for skin damage and improved skin barrier function in ex vivo porcine stratum corneum.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:38387591","pmid":"38387591","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171155","title":"Ubiquitous occurrence of 1,4-dioxane in drinking water of China and its ecological and human health risk.","journal":"The Science of the total environment","published":"2024-02-21","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"1,4-Dioxane was detected in approximately 80% of Chinese water samples, with oral exposure carcinogenic risk slightly surpassing U.S. EPA acceptable thresholds.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:38004448","pmid":"38004448","pmcid":"PMC10675625","doi":"10.3390/ph16111583","title":"Comparative Analysis of the Physicochemical and Biological Characteristics of Freeze-Dried PEGylated Cationic Solid Lipid Nanoparticles.","journal":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","published":"2023-11-09","design":"in_vitro","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Evaluation of freeze-dried cationic solid lipid nanoparticles formulated with different PEGs demonstrated they were stable and nontoxic.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Government\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:35805241","pmid":"35805241","pmcid":"PMC9265752","doi":"10.3390/ijerph19137588","title":"Skin Toxicity of Selected Hair Cosmetic Ingredients: A Review Focusing on Hairdressers.","journal":"International journal of environmental research and public health","published":"2022-06-21","design":"systematic_review","finding":"no_effect","summary":"A systematic review evaluating cosmetic ingredients in hairdressers noted that original articles assessing the skin toxicity of sodium laureth sulfate are lacking.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:34577098","pmid":"34577098","pmcid":"PMC8467643","doi":"10.3390/molecules26185628","title":"Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis L.) Extract vs. Synthetic Surfactants-Effect on Skin-Mimetic Models.","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","published":"2021-09-16","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"SLES demonstrated greater protein and lipid solubilizing potential in skin-mimetic models compared to a natural soapwort extract.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"University\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:33656498","pmid":"33656498","pmcid":"PMC9136708","doi":"10.1039/d0em00463d","title":"Assessment of emerging polar organic pollutants linked to contaminant pathways within an urban estuary using non-targeted analysis.","journal":"Environmental science. Processes & impacts","published":"2021-03-03","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Non-targeted analysis of water samples from San Francisco Bay identified ethoxylated surfactants among polar organic pollutants linked to stormwater runoff and other contaminant pathways.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"NIEHS\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:33556537","pmid":"33556537","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.108998","title":"Acute toxicity and sublethal effects of sodium laureth sulfate on oxidative stress enzymes in benthic oligochaete worm, Tubifex tubifex.","journal":"Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP","published":"2021-02-05","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Sodium laureth sulfate exposure had a 96-hour LC50 of 21.68 mg/l, induced abnormal behaviors, and altered oxidative stress enzymes in Tubifex tubifex.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:32860861","pmid":"32860861","pmcid":"PMC7448729","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2020.111702","title":"Synergistic effects of anionic surfactants on coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) virucidal efficiency of sanitizing fluids to fight COVID-19.","journal":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","published":"2020-08-26","design":"in_vitro","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Adding sodium laureth sulfate and other surfactants to alcohol-based sanitizers increased evaporation time and enhanced virucidal efficiency against SARS-CoV-2.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:32131544","pmid":"32131544","pmcid":"PMC7150945","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics12030223","title":"Systematic Investigation of the Effect of Non-Ionic Emulsifiers on Skin by Confocal Raman Spectroscopy-A Comprehensive Lipid Analysis.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","published":"2020-03-02","design":"in_vitro","finding":"mixed","summary":"Application of PEG-20 ethers to excised porcine skin reduced lipid content and disrupted lipid organization, whereas PEG sorbitan esters showed no alteration of intercellular lipid properties.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Ministry of\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:31048711","pmid":"31048711","pmcid":"PMC6497679","doi":"10.1038/s41598-019-43266-8","title":"Bio-Fenton reaction involved in the cleavage of the ethoxylate chain of nonionic surfactants by dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas nitroreducens TX1.","journal":"Scientific reports","published":"2019-05-02","design":"in_vitro","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas nitroreducens TX1 cleaved the ethoxylate chains of octylphenol polyethoxylates via a bio-Fenton reaction in vitro.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Ministry of\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:30139247","pmid":"30139247","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02439","title":"Identification of Proprietary Amino Ethoxylates in Hydraulic Fracturing Wastewater Using Liquid Chromatography/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry with Solid-Phase Extraction.","journal":"Analytical chemistry","published":"2018-09-07","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry identified proprietary amino-poly(ethylene glycol) surfactants in 20 hydraulic fracturing wastewater samples from the western United States.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:29106673","pmid":"29106673","pmcid":"PMC6256959","doi":"10.1093/toxsci/kfx234","title":"Nonionic Ethoxylated Surfactants Induce Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells.","journal":"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology","published":"2018-03-01","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Nonionic alkylphenol ethoxylates and alcohol ethoxylates promoted triglyceride accumulation and preadipocyte proliferation in 3T3-L1 cells.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"NIH\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:28362322","pmid":"28362322","pmcid":"PMC5489922","doi":"10.3390/scipharm85020018","title":"The In Vitro-In Vivo Safety Confirmation of PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil as a Surfactant for Oral Nanoemulsion Formulation.","journal":"Scientia pharmaceutica","published":"2017-03-31","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"A nanoemulsion containing high concentrations of PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil and PEG-400 was evaluated in vitro and orally in mice, showing acceptable safety parameters.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:27590807","pmid":"27590807","pmcid":"PMC5086552","doi":"10.1128/aem.01907-16","title":"Transposon Mutagenesis Identifies Genes Critical for Growth of Pseudomonas nitroreducens TX1 on Octylphenol Polyethoxylates.","journal":"Applied and environmental microbiology","published":"2016-10-27","design":"in_vitro","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Transposon mutagenesis in Pseudomonas nitroreducens TX1 identified key genes and metabolic enzymes required for the degradation and catabolism of octylphenol polyethoxylates.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Ministry of\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:26191379","pmid":"26191379","pmcid":"PMC4505343","doi":"10.5487/tr.2015.31.2.105","title":"Safety Evaluation of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Compounds for Cosmetic Use.","journal":"Toxicological research","published":"2015-06-01","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"A safety review of polyethylene glycol compounds in cosmetics found PEG-20 glyceryl triisostearate and PEGylated oils to be safe, while recommending further study for PEG/PPG-17/6 copolymer.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:22549718","pmid":"22549718","pmcid":"PMC4043153","doi":"10.1038/jes.2012.19","title":"Effects of temperature, surfactants and skin location on the dermal penetration of haloacetonitriles and chloral hydrate.","journal":"Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology","published":"2012-05-02","design":"in_vitro","finding":"mixed","summary":"Addition of 2% sodium laureth sulfate increased dermal flux of chloroacetonitrile and dichloroacetonitrile in vitro, but did not increase flux of trichloroacetonitrile or chloral hydrate.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"NIEHS\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:22444725","pmid":"22444725","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.02.027","title":"Growth inhibition and stimulation of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 by surfactants and calcium polysulfide.","journal":"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety","published":"2012-03-22","design":"in_vitro","finding":"mixed","summary":"Sodium laureth sulfate showed dose-dependent growth decreases in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 at 20-100 mM but also stimulated growth by serving as a carbon source.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:18433909","pmid":"18433909","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.03.005","title":"Discovery of synergistic permeation enhancers for oral drug delivery.","journal":"Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society","published":"2008-03-14","design":"in_vitro","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Ternary formulations containing sodium laureth sulfate enhanced permeability of mannitol and dextran across Caco-2 monolayers while exhibiting minimal cellular toxicity.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:15500667","pmid":"15500667","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.00436.x","title":"Multicentre patch test study of air-oxidized ethoxylated surfactants.","journal":"Contact dermatitis","published":"2004-10-01","design":"human_cross_sectional","finding":"concern","summary":"Patch testing of 528 dermatitis patients showed that oxidized ethoxylated surfactants had increased irritant potential compared to non-oxidized materials, with reactions mostly occurring to oxidized surfactants and oxidation products.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:15087176","pmid":"15087176","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2004.01.005","title":"Response of graywater recycling systems based on hydroponic plant growth to three classes of surfactants.","journal":"Water research","published":"2004-04-01","design":"other","finding":"mixed","summary":"Sodium laureth sulfate showed rapid degradation and no growth reduction in hydroponic wheat, whereas alcohol polyethoxylate reduced plant biomass by 20-25% before microbial acclimation mitigated phytotoxicity.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:14996046","pmid":"14996046","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1111/j.0105-1873.2003.0235.x","title":"Allergenic activity of an air-oxidized ethoxylated surfactant.","journal":"Contact dermatitis","published":"2003-11-01","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Air-oxidized penta-ethylene glycol mono-n-dodecyl ether surfactant containing 20% oxidation products was shown to be a skin-sensitizing mixture.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:12641575","pmid":"12641575","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1034/j.1600-0536.2003.480105.x","title":"Profile of irritant patch testing with detergents: sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laureth sulfate and alkyl polyglucoside.","journal":"Contact dermatitis","published":"2003-01-01","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"Patch testing with sodium laureth sulfate induced mild cutaneous irritation detectable up to day seven, as measured by transepidermal water loss and laser Doppler flowmetry.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:11260235","pmid":"11260235","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.044004207.x","title":"Identification and allergenic activity of hydroxyaldehydes - a new type of oxidation product from an ethoxylated non-ionic surfactant.","journal":"Contact dermatitis","published":"2001-04-01","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Air oxidation of ethoxylated surfactant C12E5 produced hydroxyaldehydes, one of which demonstrated weak sensitizing potential and cross-reactivity in guinea pigs.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:10945746","pmid":"10945746","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1034/j.1600-0536.2000.043002082.x","title":"Skin irritation from air-oxidized ethoxylated surfactants.","journal":"Contact dermatitis","published":"2000-08-01","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"Repeated dermal patch testing showed oxidized ethoxylated surfactant C12E5 caused significantly greater skin irritation than pure C12E5 in healthy volunteers.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false}],"model":"gemini-3.8-flash","run":{"aiCalls":40,"cachedPapers":0,"offTopic":12,"inputTokens":26086,"outputTokens":5221}}