{"v":1,"ledgerId":"propyl-gallate","generatedAt":"2026-11-05T22:52:37.722Z","query":"(TITLE:(\"Propyl Gallate\" OR \"PROPYL GALLATE\" OR \"E310\" OR \"PROPYL 3,4,5-TRIHYDROXYBENZOATE\" OR \"121-79-9\") OR ABSTRACT:(\"Propyl Gallate\" OR \"PROPYL GALLATE\" OR \"E310\" OR \"PROPYL 3,4,5-TRIHYDROXYBENZOATE\" OR \"121-79-9\")) AND (TOXICITY OR EXPOSURE OR \"ENDOCRINE\" OR \"REPRODUCTIVE\" OR CARCINOGEN* OR \"BIOMONITORING\" OR \"SYSTEMATIC REVIEW\") AND SRC:MED AND LANG:eng","totalPapers":239,"lastYearPapers":17,"analysed":22,"byFunding":{"independent":9,"industry":1,"mixed":0,"none_declared":2,"unclear":10},"byDesign":{"human":0,"animal":9,"in_vitro":7,"review":0,"other":6},"byFinding":{"concern":10,"no_effect":12,"mixed":0},"gap":{"independent":{"concern":4,"total":9},"industry":{"concern":1,"total":1}},"fundingSources":{"full_text":8,"grant_metadata":10,"abstract":0,"none":4},"newestPublished":"2026-09-23","papers":[{"id":"pmid:42778013","pmid":"42778013","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2026.129183","title":"Acute toxicities to typical aquatic organisms of synthetic phenolic antioxidants and QSAR study: The vital role of water solubility.","journal":"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)","published":"2026-09-23","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Synthetic phenolic antioxidants including BHT were evaluated for acute effects in Danio rerio and Scenedesmus obliquus, with BHT inducing oxidative stress and organelle damage in algal cells.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42737388","pmid":"42737388","pmcid":"PMC13565735","doi":"10.3390/foods15173145","title":"Comparative Effectiveness of Synthetic and Natural Antioxidants on the Oxidative Stability of Lard.","journal":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)","published":"2026-09-04","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"The study evaluated the antioxidant effects of BHT and other synthetic and natural antioxidants on the oxidative stability of lard.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42737319","pmid":"42737319","pmcid":"PMC13564581","doi":"10.3390/foods15173075","title":"Enhanced Oxidative Stability of Walnut Kernels by Lipid-Soluble Antioxidant Combinations: From Individual Screening to Ternary Formulation.","journal":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)","published":"2026-08-30","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"BHT alone and in combination formulations improved the oxidative stability of walnut kernels subjected to accelerated storage.","funding":"none_declared","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["none: \"This research received no\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42405471","pmid":"42405471","pmcid":"PMC13509075","doi":"10.1002/smll.74439","title":"A Tissue-Homologous Keratin-PBA Hydrogel Integrating Rationally Designed Nanomicelles Enables Microenvironment-Adaptive Repair of Chronic Diabetic Wounds.","journal":"Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)","published":"2026-07-06","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"A hydrogel incorporating oleanolic acid and propyl gallate nanomicelles accelerated chronic diabetic wound healing in vivo through multi-target tissue repair mechanisms.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42461728","pmid":"42461728","pmcid":"PMC13421970","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.6c03235","title":"A Targeted Mitigation Strategy for Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms through the Release of a Small-Molecule Polyphenolic Algaecide from Clay Nanotubes.","journal":"Environmental science & technology","published":"2026-07-01","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Propyl gallate delivered via clay nanotubes disrupts the photosynthetic efficiency of Microcystis aeruginosa at doses as low as 25 mg/L.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41817370","pmid":"41817370","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1002/mnfr.70435","title":"Propyl Gallate, Gallic Acid, and Pyrogallol: A Comprehensive Review of Their Chemistry, Metabolism, Bioactivity, and Applications.","journal":"Molecular nutrition & food research","published":"2026-03-01","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"A review outlines the metabolism of ingested propyl gallate to gallic acid and pyrogallol, which drives oxidative stress, glutathione depletion, and systemic toxicity.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"government\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41596137","pmid":"41596137","pmcid":"PMC12837502","doi":"10.3390/antiox15010079","title":"Propyl Gallate Attenuates Cognitive Deficits Induced by Chronic Sleep Deprivation Through Nrf2 Activation and NF-κB Inhibition.","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)","published":"2026-01-07","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Oral propyl gallate alleviated cognitive deficits, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation induced by chronic sleep deprivation in male ICR mice via Nrf2 activation and NF-κB inhibition.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Key Research and Development Program\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41516384","pmid":"41516384","pmcid":"PMC12786693","doi":"10.3390/ijms27010511","title":"Propyl Gallate Attenuates Methylglyoxal-Induced Alzheimer-like Cognitive Deficits and Neuroinflammation in Mice.","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","published":"2026-01-04","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Oral propyl gallate administration attenuated methylglyoxal-induced cognitive deficits, hippocampal neuronal damage, amyloid-β accumulation, and neuroinflammation in male C57BL/6J mice.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41300065","pmid":"41300065","pmcid":"PMC12651763","doi":"10.3390/foods14223907","title":"Effects of Supplemental Antioxidative Substances on Micronutrient Retention and Antioxidative Capacity in Rapeseed Oil During Low-Temperature Ethanol Steam Deodorization.","journal":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)","published":"2025-11-15","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Supplementation with propyl gallate improved micronutrient retention and increased antioxidative capacity in rapeseed oil during ethanol steam deodorization.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41409162","pmid":"41409162","pmcid":"PMC12706803","doi":"10.1021/acsptsci.5c00499","title":"Longitudinal Plasma Multiomics Characterization of Nephrotoxicity in Beagles Following Repeated Dosing of Enteric-Coated Propyl Gallate Tablets.","journal":"ACS pharmacology & translational science","published":"2025-11-13","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Repeated oral dosing of enteric-coated propyl gallate tablets in beagles altered plasma lipid and protein profiles associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and nephrotoxicity.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41085583","pmid":"41085583","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1007/s11033-025-11098-7","title":"Modulation of inflammatory and cuproptotic crosstalk by Ethyl and propyl gallate: a multi-targeted strategy against experimental colitis.","journal":"Molecular biology reports","published":"2025-10-14","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Oral administration of propyl gallate reduced inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cuproptosis markers in mice with DSS-induced colitis, maintaining intestinal barrier integrity.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41038497","pmid":"41038497","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.toxlet.2025.111738","title":"Application of an in vitro reconstructed human skin coculture with THP-1 on cosmetics in skin sensitization.","journal":"Toxicology letters","published":"2025-09-30","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure to propyl gallate in an in vitro reconstructed human skin and THP-1 coculture model resulted in relative IL-18 secretion levels indicative of sensitization.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40787822","pmid":"40787822","pmcid":"PMC12337634","doi":"10.1111/1750-3841.70488","title":"Inactivation Efficacy of Combination Treatment of Propyl Gallate and UVA LED for Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Apple Juice.","journal":"Journal of food science","published":"2025-08-01","design":"in_vitro","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Propyl gallate combined with UVA irradiation synergistically reduced Escherichia coli O157:H7 in peptone water and apple juice while maintaining apple juice quality parameters.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"University\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40509495","pmid":"40509495","pmcid":"PMC12154343","doi":"10.3390/foods14111967","title":"Effects of Water-Soluble and Fat-Soluble Antioxidant Combinations in Oil-in-Water Emulsions on the Oxidative Stability of Walnut Kernels.","journal":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)","published":"2025-05-31","design":"in_vitro","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Combinations of lipophilic antioxidants, including propyl gallate, and hydrophilic antioxidants were evaluated for their ability to improve the oxidative stability of walnut kernels.","funding":"none_declared","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["none: \"This research received no\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40370985","pmid":"40370985","pmcid":"PMC12070228","doi":"10.1021/acsptsci.4c00563","title":"Investigations of Enteric-Coated Tablet Propyl Gallate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Beagles as well as Human and Dog Renal Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells.","journal":"ACS pharmacology & translational science","published":"2025-04-04","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Enteric-coated tablet propyl gallate caused nephrotoxicity in beagles and showed greater cytotoxicity in dog renal proximal tubule epithelial cells compared to human cells.","funding":"industry","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["industry: \"AstraZeneca\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:39925762","pmid":"39925762","pmcid":"PMC11803899","doi":"10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102194","title":"Inhibition of carboxymethyllysine in walnut cookies via food additives.","journal":"Food chemistry: X","published":"2025-01-18","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Propyl gallate combined with theaflavins and tea polyphenols inhibited carboxymethyllysine formation in walnut cookies by up to 40.98% while maintaining high sensory evaluation scores.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:39405832","pmid":"39405832","pmcid":"PMC11525215","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104368","title":"Substituting ethoxyquin with tea polyphenols and propyl gallate enhanced feed oxidative stability, broiler hepatic antioxidant capacity and gut health.","journal":"Poultry science","published":"2024-09-27","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Dietary substitution of ethoxyquin with tea polyphenols and propyl gallate improved feed stability, liver antioxidant capacity, and gut health parameters in broilers.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Key Research and Development Program\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:39479655","pmid":"39479655","pmcid":"PMC11521724","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.4373","title":"Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of tert-butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxyanisole and propyl gallate as synthetic food antioxidants.","journal":"Food science & nutrition","published":"2024-08-07","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"Review and molecular modeling study examining the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects of propyl gallate and other synthetic food antioxidants, including interactions with albumin.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"University\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:38613792","pmid":"38613792","pmcid":"PMC11042945","doi":"10.18632/aging.205743","title":"The coupling between healthspan and lifespan in Caenorhabditis depends on complex interactions between compound intervention and genetic background.","journal":"Aging","published":"2024-04-12","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Evaluation of propyl gallate in Caenorhabditis showed complex interactions across genetic backgrounds for oxidative stress resistance, thermotolerance, swimming locomotion, and lifespan.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"NIH\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:38438412","pmid":"38438412","pmcid":"PMC10912098","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-52849-z","title":"Propyl gallate induces cell death in human pulmonary fibroblast through increasing reactive oxygen species levels and depleting glutathione.","journal":"Scientific reports","published":"2024-03-05","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Propyl gallate induced cell death in primary human pulmonary fibroblast cells by increasing reactive oxygen species levels and depleting glutathione.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:38373208","pmid":"38373208","pmcid":"PMC10878342","doi":"10.1080/07853890.2024.2319853","title":"Propyl gallate induces human pulmonary fibroblast cell death through the regulation of Bax and caspase-3.","journal":"Annals of medicine","published":"2024-02-19","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Propyl gallate induced G1 phase arrest, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell death mediated by Bax and caspase-3 in human pulmonary fibroblast cells.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Ministry of\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:38325633","pmid":"38325633","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2024.114488","title":"Propyl gallate exposure affects the mouse 2-cell stage embryonic development through inducing oxidative stress and autophagy.","journal":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","published":"2024-02-05","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Propyl gallate exposure impaired mouse two-cell stage embryonic development, induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, and autophagy, and altered epigenetic modifications.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false}],"model":"gemini-3.8-flash","run":{"aiCalls":36,"cachedPapers":3,"offTopic":17,"inputTokens":24199,"outputTokens":4643}}