{"v":1,"ledgerId":"propylparaben","generatedAt":"2026-11-05T20:47:16.794Z","query":"(TITLE:(\"Propylparaben\" OR \"PROPYLPARABEN\" OR \"BUTYLPARABEN\" OR \"ISOPROPYLPARABEN\" OR \"94-13-3\") OR ABSTRACT:(\"Propylparaben\" OR \"PROPYLPARABEN\" OR \"BUTYLPARABEN\" OR \"ISOPROPYLPARABEN\" OR \"94-13-3\")) AND (TOXICITY OR EXPOSURE OR \"ENDOCRINE\" OR \"REPRODUCTIVE\" OR CARCINOGEN* OR \"BIOMONITORING\" OR \"SYSTEMATIC REVIEW\") AND SRC:MED AND LANG:eng","totalPapers":570,"lastYearPapers":74,"analysed":33,"byFunding":{"independent":20,"industry":0,"mixed":0,"none_declared":1,"unclear":12},"byDesign":{"human":13,"animal":9,"in_vitro":6,"review":0,"other":5},"byFinding":{"concern":22,"no_effect":10,"mixed":1},"gap":{"independent":{"concern":13,"total":20},"industry":{"concern":0,"total":0}},"fundingSources":{"full_text":4,"grant_metadata":19,"abstract":0,"none":10},"newestPublished":"2026-10-30","papers":[{"id":"pmid:42962471","pmid":"42962471","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120990","title":"Associations of environmental phenols exposure with gut microbiota in a general population from Shenzhen, China.","journal":"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety","published":"2026-10-30","design":"human_cross_sectional","finding":"concern","summary":"Urinary propylparaben exposure was significantly associated with altered gut microbial community structure and inhibition of amino-acid, carbohydrate, and terpenoid metabolism pathways in 241 adults.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42918471","pmid":"42918471","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110722","title":"Toxicity evaluation and mechanism study of butylparaben on zebrafish.","journal":"Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP","published":"2026-10-23","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure to butylparaben induced developmental malformations, reduced innate immune cells, and triggered oxidative stress and apoptosis in zebrafish larvae.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Department of Education\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42850693","pmid":"42850693","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1002/tox.70201","title":"Multiscale Effects of Environmentally Relevant Mixtures Containing Two Estrogenic Endocrine Disruptors, Chlordecone and Propylparaben, in Hydra vulgaris Pallas, 1766.","journal":"Environmental toxicology","published":"2026-10-08","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Propylparaben alone and in mixture with chlordecone reduced asexual reproduction and altered gene expression and DNA methylation in Hydra vulgaris.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42843247","pmid":"42843247","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143811","title":"Emerging contaminants in microalgae-based sustainable foods: occurrence patterns and dietary risk implications.","journal":"Journal of hazardous materials","published":"2026-10-04","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Analysis of 77 microalgae-based food samples showed widespread detection of butylparaben and other contaminants, but dietary risks from parabens were limited with hazard index values below 1.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Key Research and Development Program\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42777650","pmid":"42777650","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120833","title":"Prenatal paraben exposure and neonatal birth outcomes: The modifying role of mid‑to‑late pregnancy weight gain rate.","journal":"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety","published":"2026-09-24","design":"human_cohort","finding":"concern","summary":"Prenatal paraben exposure was associated with shorter neonatal birth length, with propylparaben showing significant inverse associations particularly among women with below-recommended gestational weight gain rates.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42748881","pmid":"42748881","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2026.108018","title":"Identifying targets and mechanisms of endocrine disruptor-induced sex-specific toxicity: Integration of network toxicology and medaka experimental evidence.","journal":"Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","published":"2026-09-10","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure of Japanese medaka to DEHP and propylparaben induced sex-specific disruption of the brain-gonad-liver axis, altering gonadosomatic index, hormone concentrations, and hepatic vitellogenin levels.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42570232","pmid":"42570232","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxag195","title":"Susceptibility of representative skin-resident microorganisms to cosmetic preservatives and in vitro assessment of consumer-relevant toxicity.","journal":"Journal of applied microbiology","published":"2026-09-01","design":"in_vitro","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Propylparaben exhibited selective antifungal activity without antibacterial effects and was classified as non-phototoxic in in vitro screening assays.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"FAPESP\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42671677","pmid":"42671677","pmcid":"PMC13529855","doi":"10.1007/s11306-026-02521-6","title":"Acute-phase serum metabolomics signatures for predicting post-stroke cognitive impairment after ischemic stroke: a prospective cohort study.","journal":"Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society","published":"2026-08-31","design":"human_cohort","finding":"concern","summary":"In a prospective cohort of 130 acute ischemic stroke patients, acute-phase serum propylparaben was identified as one of six metabolites predicting post-stroke cognitive impairment.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Education Commission\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42641861","pmid":"42641861","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.116354","title":"Methylparaben and ethylparaben exposure through breast milk in the first six months of lactation: A Taiwanese cohort study with estimated daily intake for breastfed infants.","journal":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","published":"2026-08-26","design":"human_cohort","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Parabens including propylparaben and butylparaben were quantified in Taiwanese breast milk, with estimated daily infant intakes falling far below the EFSA acceptable daily intake.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Hospital\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42796648","pmid":"42796648","pmcid":"PMC13610677","doi":"10.3390/pathogens15090880","title":"<i>In Vitro</i> Study for Combating Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens via a Facile Sustained Release of Benzoic Acid and Parabens from PMMA/PCL Nanofibrous Membrane.","journal":"Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)","published":"2026-08-22","design":"in_vitro","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Nanofibrous scaffolds releasing propylparaben, methylparaben, and benzoic acid inhibited multidrug-resistant pathogens and showed no cytotoxicity to fibroblasts in vitro.","funding":"none_declared","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["none: \"This research received no\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42632608","pmid":"42632608","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.105146","title":"Effects of parabens on placental development and birth outcomes: Evidence based on targeted risk assessment environmental chemicals strategy.","journal":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","published":"2026-08-22","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"A risk assessment and in vitro trophoblast study found propylparaben and butylparaben associated with placental toxicity, impaired trophoblast function, and adverse birth outcomes.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42607630","pmid":"42607630","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2026.103202","title":"Association between urinary paraben concentrations and skin cancer among US Adults.","journal":"Cancer epidemiology","published":"2026-08-17","design":"human_cross_sectional","finding":"no_effect","summary":"In an NHANES cross-sectional study, urinary methylparaben, but not butylparaben or propylparaben, was significantly associated with increased odds of nonmelanoma skin cancer in US adults.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42586446","pmid":"42586446","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.taap.2026.117994","title":"Alkyl-chain-length-associated responses of K562 leukemia cells to methyl-, ethyl-, and butylparaben with a focus on PPARγ and WNT/β-catenin signaling.","journal":"Toxicology and applied pharmacology","published":"2026-08-12","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Butylparaben altered metabolic activity, WNT/β-catenin- and PPARγ-associated signaling, and glycolysis-related gene expression in K562 leukemia cells more effectively than shorter-chain parabens.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"University\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42571801","pmid":"42571801","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.reprotox.2026.109312","title":"Short-term propylparaben exposure alters the expression of key factors in the ovary and oviduct of adult mice.","journal":"Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","published":"2026-08-09","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Short-term oral exposure to propylparaben in adult CD-1 mice altered the ovarian expression of key factors including Cyp17a1, Cyp19a1, and Bcl2.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42561685","pmid":"42561685","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143193","title":"Temporal and sexual heterogeneity in single paraben-induced interference of hypothalamic-pituitary axes in juvenile zebrafish.","journal":"Journal of hazardous materials","published":"2026-08-03","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Chronic exposure to propylparaben disrupted hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axes, triggering anxiety-like behavior and altered sexual development with sex- and stage-dependent effects in zebrafish.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Natural Science Foundation\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42531697","pmid":"42531697","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheh.2026.114876","title":"Characterizing paraben exposure and source contributions in Korea: A personalized exposure factor-based approach (PerFactExpo).","journal":"International journal of hygiene and environmental health","published":"2026-07-30","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"A personalized aggregate exposure assessment model found personal care products predominantly drove propylparaben and butylparaben exposure in the Korean population, particularly in females.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Institute of\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42498988","pmid":"42498988","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1002/tox.70168","title":"Effect of Propylparaben on In Vitro Maturation of Porcine Oocytes and Embryo Development.","journal":"Environmental toxicology","published":"2026-07-24","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"In vitro exposure to propylparaben reduced porcine oocyte maturation and decreased embryo viability and development after fertilization.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"University\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42480960","pmid":"42480960","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128808","title":"Prenatal parabens exposure and infantile Eczema: Mediation by IL-17A, effect modification by breastfeeding, and evidence from network toxicology.","journal":"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)","published":"2026-07-21","design":"human_cohort","finding":"concern","summary":"Prenatal propylparaben exposure was associated with increased risk of infantile eczema, partially mediated by maternal IL-17A levels and modified by infant breastfeeding status.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42456959","pmid":"42456959","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.116279","title":"Impact of parabens, individually and in mixture, on human neutrophil oxidative burst under physiological and hyperglycemic conditions.","journal":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","published":"2026-07-15","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Propylparaben, butylparaben, and their mixtures induced human neutrophil oxidative burst through PLC and PKC activation under physiological and hyperglycemic conditions.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42440862","pmid":"42440862","pmcid":"PMC13334297","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0036","title":"Paraben concentrations in cat hair samples.","journal":"Journal of veterinary research","published":"2026-06-30","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Propylparaben and butylparaben were detected in hair samples from 70 cats, with significantly higher propylparaben concentrations observed in strictly indoor cats.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42276527","pmid":"42276527","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.reprotox.2026.109283","title":"Propylparaben exposure may impair uterine decidualization via FDX1 downregulation and induce preeclampsia-like symptoms in mice.","journal":"Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","published":"2026-06-11","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Continuous propylparaben exposure in pregnant mice induced preeclampsia-like symptoms, impaired uterine decidualization, and downregulated FDX1 expression.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42192154","pmid":"42192154","pmcid":"PMC13434690","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-55348-5","title":"Occurrence of parabens in aquatic environments and sediments and efficiency of wastewater treatment plants in parabens removal.","journal":"Scientific reports","published":"2026-05-26","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Propylparaben and butylparaben were detected in wastewater, river water, and sediments, with the anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic treatment process achieving approximately 73% to 80% removal efficiency.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Science Foundation\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42173340","pmid":"42173340","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.124825","title":"Sociodemographic and residential characteristics associated to persistent and non-persistent organic pollutants in household dust from Southern Spain. COVID-AND Study.","journal":"Environmental research","published":"2026-05-21","design":"human_cross_sectional","finding":"concern","summary":"Analysis of household dust from Andalusia found parabens present across samples, with manual work positively associated with butylparaben levels.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42107272","pmid":"42107272","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120223","title":"Prenatal paraben exposure and pregnancy complications: The moderating role of psychological anxiety.","journal":"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety","published":"2026-05-09","design":"human_cohort","finding":"concern","summary":"Maternal serum concentrations of propylparaben and butylparaben were positively associated with pregnancy complications, including gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and gestational anemia.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42070685","pmid":"42070685","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ando.2026.102562","title":"Prenatal exposure to parabens: Associations with reproductive hormone alterations.","journal":"Annales d'endocrinologie","published":"2026-05-01","design":"human_cohort","finding":"concern","summary":"Umbilical cord blood propylparaben concentrations were inversely associated with testosterone levels in neonates, particularly females.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42043658","pmid":"42043658","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1007/s11259-026-11230-3","title":"Propylparaben exposure induces hematobiochemical alterations, genotoxicity oxidative stress and apoptosis in Labeo rohita.","journal":"Veterinary research communications","published":"2026-04-27","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure of Labeo rohita to propylparaben for 21 days altered hematobiochemical parameters, induced histopathological damage, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and altered apoptotic gene expression.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42055205","pmid":"42055205","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128214","title":"Co-exposure to positively charged polystyrene microplastics and butylparaben exacerbates intestinal injury and behavioral abnormalities in zebrafish.","journal":"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)","published":"2026-04-27","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Co-exposure of zebrafish to positively charged polystyrene microplastics and butylparaben exacerbated intestinal damage, behavioral abnormalities, and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42009244","pmid":"42009244","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128092","title":"Paraben mixture exposure and liver function in pregnant women: Findings from the Korean CHildren's ENvironmental health Study (Ko-CHENS).","journal":"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)","published":"2026-04-18","design":"human_cohort","finding":"concern","summary":"In a cohort of 4,791 pregnant women, urinary propylparaben and paraben mixtures were significantly associated with altered liver function markers, including increased alanine aminotransferase.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41964412","pmid":"41964412","pmcid":"PMC13399792","doi":"10.1002/kjm2.70208","title":"Paraben Exposure in the General Taiwanese Population: Reference Values, Personal Care Products, and Cumulative Risk Assessment.","journal":"The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences","published":"2026-04-11","design":"human_cross_sectional","finding":"concern","summary":"In a cross-sectional study of 1,967 Taiwanese individuals, 55.4% had a cumulative risk hazard index exceeding 1, with propylparaben identified as the primary determinant.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Ministry of\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42001662","pmid":"42001662","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110243","title":"Levers to decrease exposure to harmful chemicals: the case of Personal Care Products and cosmetics.","journal":"Environment international","published":"2026-04-07","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"A five-day intervention replacing usual personal care products with chemical-free alternatives decreased the detection frequency of propylparaben in young French women.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"European Research Council\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41886927","pmid":"41886927","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110195","title":"Maternal paraben exposure during early pregnancy is associated with altered cord blood DNA methylation: The PREDO cohort.","journal":"Environment international","published":"2026-03-19","design":"human_cohort","finding":"concern","summary":"In a cohort of 328 mother-child dyads, maternal early pregnancy paraben exposure, including butylparaben, was significantly associated with altered DNA methylation in cord blood.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Research Council\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41674803","pmid":"41674803","pmcid":"PMC12889505","doi":"10.1097/ee9.0000000000000463","title":"Associations of gestational maternal urinary concentrations of individual and mixtures of parabens with cognition in 7.5-month-old infants.","journal":"Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.)","published":"2026-02-09","design":"human_cohort","finding":"mixed","summary":"Gestational paraben exposure showed sex-specific associations with infant cognition at 7.5 months, with individual parabens associated with slower processing in females and mixtures showing mixed associations in males.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"NIH\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41606394","pmid":"41606394","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1007/s00204-025-04291-x","title":"Assessment of endocrine disruptor impact on carbohydrate metabolism in the HepaRG human hepatic cell line.","journal":"Archives of toxicology","published":"2026-01-28","design":"in_vitro","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Butylparaben was screened alongside other endocrine disruptors in HepaRG cells for effects on carbohydrate metabolism, with pronounced metabolic disruption reported only for p,p'-DDE.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false}],"substitution":{"claim":"Paraben-free","original":{"label":"Parabens","papers":2938},"replacements":[{"label":"MIT","papers":670},{"label":"Phenoxyethanol","papers":464}]},"model":"gemini-3.8-flash","run":{"aiCalls":39,"cachedPapers":1,"offTopic":6,"inputTokens":26848,"outputTokens":5206}}