{"v":1,"ledgerId":"red-40-yellow-5","generatedAt":"2026-11-05T22:39:30.478Z","query":"(TITLE:(\"Synthetic Azo Dyes\" OR \"CI 19140\" OR \"TARTRAZINE\" OR \"E102\" OR \"1934-21-0\") OR ABSTRACT:(\"Synthetic Azo Dyes\" OR \"CI 19140\" OR \"TARTRAZINE\" OR \"E102\" OR \"1934-21-0\")) AND (TOXICITY OR EXPOSURE OR \"ENDOCRINE\" OR \"REPRODUCTIVE\" OR CARCINOGEN* OR \"BIOMONITORING\" OR \"SYSTEMATIC REVIEW\") AND SRC:MED AND LANG:eng","totalPapers":304,"lastYearPapers":57,"analysed":25,"byFunding":{"independent":12,"industry":1,"mixed":0,"none_declared":0,"unclear":12},"byDesign":{"human":1,"animal":14,"in_vitro":4,"review":0,"other":6},"byFinding":{"concern":15,"no_effect":8,"mixed":2},"gap":{"independent":{"concern":6,"total":12},"industry":{"concern":0,"total":1}},"fundingSources":{"full_text":11,"grant_metadata":4,"abstract":0,"none":10},"newestPublished":"2026-10-13","papers":[{"id":"pmid:42865155","pmid":"42865155","pmcid":"","doi":"10.5115/acb.26.251","title":"Features of morphogenesis of the tibia and the regenerate formed within it following prolonged exposure to the azo dye tartrazine and correction with sodium selenite.","journal":"Anatomy & cell biology","published":"2026-10-13","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Prolonged exposure of rats to tartrazine led to impaired tibial growth, delayed regenerate remodeling, altered chemical composition, and reduced bone strength.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42884612","pmid":"42884612","pmcid":"","doi":"10.3390/nu18193161","title":"Tartrazine-Induced Toxicity Is Attenuated by Naringenin in Wistar Rats: A Biochemical, Histological, and Behavioral Study.","journal":"Nutrients","published":"2026-09-25","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Tartrazine administration in male Wistar rats caused behavioral alterations, elevated liver and kidney function parameters, and histological damage to liver, kidney, and intestinal tissues.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42787835","pmid":"42787835","pmcid":"PMC13602258","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102343","title":"Comparative developmental toxicity and oxidative stress of synthetic and natural yellow food colorants in zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) embryos.","journal":"Toxicology reports","published":"2026-09-16","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure to tartrazine in zebrafish embryos induced concentration-dependent morphological abnormalities and increased malondialdehyde levels indicative of oxidative stress.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"University\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42595248","pmid":"42595248","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cbi.2026.112272","title":"Insights into tartrazine-exposure and potential hepatotoxicity.","journal":"Chemico-biological interactions","published":"2026-08-13","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"A review indicates that high-dose and prolonged tartrazine exposure can induce hepatocellular damage in rodent models and human in vitro systems via oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Research Foundation\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42770036","pmid":"42770036","pmcid":"PMC13592262","doi":"10.1364/boe.609756","title":"Tartrazine clearing of the tympanic membrane for improved visualization of the middle ear.","journal":"Biomedical optics express","published":"2026-08-07","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Tartrazine effectively acts as an optical clearing agent for human cadaveric tympanic membranes, improving optical coherence tomography visualization of the middle ear.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Institutes of Health\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42497780","pmid":"42497780","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.tice.2026.103807","title":"Silymarin mitigates tartrazine-induced fetal nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress following gestational exposure in rats.","journal":"Tissue & cell","published":"2026-07-23","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Gestational exposure to tartrazine in rats induced fetal nephrotoxicity, altered morphometrics, and increased oxidative stress markers, effects that were counteracted by silymarin.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42399354","pmid":"42399354","pmcid":"PMC13332022","doi":"10.1038/s42003-026-10610-4","title":"In vivo tissue clearing with tartrazine and other dye molecules.","journal":"Communications biology","published":"2026-07-03","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"A mini-review discusses tartrazine and other dye molecules as tissue-clearing agents for achieving transient and reversible optical transparency in live animals.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Science Foundation\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42499199","pmid":"42499199","pmcid":"PMC13400900","doi":"10.1002/jbio.70323","title":"Comparing the Effects of Chemical Optical Clearing Agents and Mechanical Compression on the Optical Attenuation of Porcine Skin.","journal":"Journal of biophotonics","published":"2026-07-01","design":"in_vitro","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Aqueous tartrazine formulations reduced the optical attenuation coefficient in porcine skin by 20.4% under optical coherence tomography testing.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42331133","pmid":"42331133","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.116232","title":"Light and heat degraded synthetic azo dye tartrazine enhances developmental toxicity driven by protein carbonylation-induced redox and inflammatory apoptotic dysregulation in-vivo zebrafish embryos and larvae.","journal":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","published":"2026-06-22","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure of zebrafish embryos to tartrazine and its light- and heat-degraded forms resulted in developmental malformations, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, with degraded forms showing enhanced toxicity.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"University\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42275301","pmid":"42275301","pmcid":"PMC13377606","doi":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6c00164","title":"Tartrazine Clears Live Cells while Preserving Viability at High Refractive Indices and Osmolality.","journal":"Bioconjugate chemistry","published":"2026-06-11","design":"in_vitro","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Tartrazine enabled live-cell optical clearing up to a refractive index of 1.41 while maintaining cell viability under hyperosmotic conditions for up to 30 minutes.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"NIH\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42121298","pmid":"42121298","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1002/jat.70238","title":"Short-Term Exposure to Tartrazine and Sunset Yellow Induces Hematological Alterations and DNA Damage in Rats.","journal":"Journal of applied toxicology : JAT","published":"2026-05-12","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure to tartrazine and sunset yellow, individually and combined, induced hematological alterations and DNA strand breaks in rats and human lymphocytes.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42107194","pmid":"42107194","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.tice.2026.103570","title":"Alleviating role of taurine against tartrazine-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rat: Biochemical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and gene expression assessments.","journal":"Tissue & cell","published":"2026-05-06","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Oral tartrazine exposure in male albino rats induced hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, which were ameliorated by co-administration with taurine.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42063806","pmid":"42063806","pmcid":"PMC13126238","doi":"10.2903/j.efsa.2026.10070","title":"The 2024 European Union monitoring report on food additives and flavourings (1st pilot).","journal":"EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority","published":"2026-04-29","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Dietary exposure estimates for tartrazine collected across 22 EU Member States were well below the acceptable daily intake in the 2024 pilot monitoring programme.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42003260","pmid":"42003260","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1002/tox.70106","title":"Beyond Removal Efficiency: Environmental Risk Assessment of Tartrazine Degradation via ZnO and TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles in Mussels.","journal":"Environmental toxicology","published":"2026-04-19","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure to tartrazine alone and combined with ZnO or TiO2 nanoparticles significantly altered oxidative stress enzyme activities in Mediterranean mussel gill and digestive gland tissues.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41926678","pmid":"41926678","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2026.2645430","title":"Tartrazine (INS 102) in carbonated drinks: preliminary dietary exposure and risk characterisation among the Algerian adult population.","journal":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","published":"2026-04-02","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Tartrazine levels in carbonated drinks resulted in dietary intakes below the Acceptable Daily Intake, suggesting no health risk for Algerian adults.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41926679","pmid":"41926679","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2026.2644495","title":"Artificial food dyes intake in Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil through a food frequency questionnaire and maximum permitted levels.","journal":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","published":"2026-04-02","design":"human_cross_sectional","finding":"mixed","summary":"A survey in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil found food dye exposure was generally safe except for amaranth, with higher intake risks observed in children and adolescents.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41862071","pmid":"41862071","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.yrtph.2026.106084","title":"Tartrazine-induced nephrotoxicity via oxidative and genotoxic pathways in rats: Regulatory insights and the nephroprotective role of curcumin.","journal":"Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP","published":"2026-03-18","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Tartrazine exposure in male rats induced dose-dependent renal dysfunction, oxidative changes, DNA damage, and histopathological alterations, which were mitigated by curcumin co-treatment.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41846460","pmid":"41846460","pmcid":"PMC13532804","doi":"10.1002/jat.70174","title":"Cellular Responses to Tartrazine and Sulfanilic Acid Exposure in BEAS-2B Cells: Viability, Apoptosis, and DNA Damage.","journal":"Journal of applied toxicology : JAT","published":"2026-03-18","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Tartrazine reduced cell viability, induced apoptosis-related responses, and depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential in BEAS-2B cells without inducing detectable DNA strand breaks.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"University\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41903461","pmid":"41903461","pmcid":"PMC13054031","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106767","title":"Mitigation of tartrazine induced histopathological and genotoxic effects in Coturnix coturnix japonica using green synthesized silver nanoparticles.","journal":"Poultry science","published":"2026-03-13","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Oral exposure to tartrazine induced histopathological changes and DNA damage in Japanese quails, effects that were mitigated by green synthesized silver nanoparticles.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"University\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41855801","pmid":"41855801","pmcid":"PMC13018950","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106760","title":"Efficacy of eco-friendly synthesized silver nanoparticles in ameliorating tartrazine induced reproductive toxicity in Japanese quails.","journal":"Poultry science","published":"2026-03-12","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Tartrazine exposure reduced egg production, fertility, hatchability, and gonadal weight and altered hormone levels in Japanese quails, whereas synthesized silver nanoparticles mitigated these effects.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"University\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41695399","pmid":"41695399","pmcid":"PMC12904770","doi":"10.1117/1.jbo.31.5.054702","title":"Enhancing the efficiency of achieving optical transparency in live animals using absorbing molecules.","journal":"Journal of biomedical optics","published":"2026-02-13","design":"animal","finding":"mixed","summary":"A tartrazine and 4-aminoantipyrine mixture enhanced skin optical clearing in mice with no mortality and only mild ALT and AST elevations compared to 4-aminoantipyrine alone.","funding":"industry","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["industry: \"Co., Ltd The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This study received funding from MaxVision (Chengdu) Technology Co., Ltd. Acknowledgments The author(s) declare financial support\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41970579","pmid":"41970579","pmcid":"PMC13064619","doi":"10.1364/boe.585266","title":"Tartrazine-enhanced visible-light OCT for deep-tissue imaging.","journal":"Biomedical optics express","published":"2026-02-10","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Topical application of tartrazine improved visible-light optical coherence tomography signal penetration, signal-to-noise ratio, and contrast in postmortem chicken tissues and live mice.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Institutes of Health\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41651966","pmid":"41651966","pmcid":"PMC12932669","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-38616-2","title":"Enhancing photothermal therapy effectiveness via tartrazine-induced optical clearing of biological tissues.","journal":"Scientific reports","published":"2026-02-06","design":"in_vitro","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Tartrazine reduced optical scattering by up to 65% in ex vivo biological tissues, improving light penetration and delivery for photothermal therapies.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"European Union\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41536140","pmid":"41536140","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1002/jat.70064","title":"Ecotoxicological Effects of Synthetic Food Dyes on Daphnia magna and Lemna minor.","journal":"Journal of applied toxicology : JAT","published":"2026-01-14","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"Synthetic food dyes, including allura red, tartrazine, and sunset yellow, demonstrated acute toxicity and altered water chemistry in Daphnia magna and Lemna minor bioassays.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41233149","pmid":"41233149","pmcid":"PMC13072642","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.221","title":"Maternal exposure to low-dose tartrazine during lactation induces neurotoxicity in rat pups through oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy suppression.","journal":"Anatomy & cell biology","published":"2025-11-14","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Maternal exposure to tartrazine during lactation was associated with brain tissue damage, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy suppression in male rat pups.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false}],"model":"gemini-3.8-flash","run":{"aiCalls":40,"cachedPapers":0,"offTopic":15,"inputTokens":26956,"outputTokens":5108}}