{"v":1,"ledgerId":"synthetic-musks","generatedAt":"2026-11-05T21:07:06.278Z","query":"(TITLE:(\"Galaxolide\" OR \"GALAXOLIDE\" OR \"HHCB\" OR \"HEXAMETHYLINDANOPYRAN\" OR \"1222-05-5\") OR ABSTRACT:(\"Galaxolide\" OR \"GALAXOLIDE\" OR \"HHCB\" OR \"HEXAMETHYLINDANOPYRAN\" OR \"1222-05-5\")) AND (TOXICITY OR EXPOSURE OR \"ENDOCRINE\" OR \"REPRODUCTIVE\" OR CARCINOGEN* OR \"BIOMONITORING\" OR \"SYSTEMATIC REVIEW\") AND SRC:MED AND LANG:eng","totalPapers":233,"lastYearPapers":6,"analysed":39,"byFunding":{"independent":25,"industry":0,"mixed":0,"none_declared":0,"unclear":14},"byDesign":{"human":2,"animal":13,"in_vitro":4,"review":0,"other":20},"byFinding":{"concern":24,"no_effect":11,"mixed":4},"gap":{"independent":{"concern":15,"total":25},"industry":{"concern":0,"total":0}},"fundingSources":{"full_text":5,"grant_metadata":26,"abstract":0,"none":8},"newestPublished":"2026-08-13","papers":[{"id":"pmid:42647000","pmid":"42647000","pmcid":"PMC13517401","doi":"10.3390/toxics14080718","title":"Probabilistic Ecological Risk Assessment of Synthetic Musk Compounds in the Han River Estuary: Integrating Multi-Year Monitoring and Explainable Machine Learning.","journal":"Toxics","published":"2026-08-13","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"Monitoring of synthetic musks in the Han River estuary found HHCB was dominant, with mean hazard quotients exceeding 1.0 at wastewater treatment facilities indicating potential ecological concern.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Ministry of\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42457234","pmid":"42457234","pmcid":"PMC13421982","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5c18677","title":"Contribution of Consumer Products to Emerging Chemical Exposures in a Preconception Cohort Study.","journal":"Environmental science & technology","published":"2026-07-01","design":"human_cohort","finding":"concern","summary":"A preconception cohort study using passive wristband samplers identified galaxolide among chemical exposures predicted to have medium-to-high impacts on reproductive outcomes.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"NIH\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:42108908","pmid":"42108908","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1039/d6em00059b","title":"Comparative toxicity and molecular recognition of galaxolide and its phototransformation product galaxolide lactone in <i>Daphnia magna</i>.","journal":"Environmental science. Processes & impacts","published":"2026-05-27","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Galaxolide and its phototransformation product galaxolide lactone caused acute toxicity and chronic reproductive, developmental, and growth effects in Daphnia magna.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41815533","pmid":"41815533","pmcid":"PMC12971789","doi":"10.1007/s12403-026-00759-y","title":"Multichemical Exposure Assessment Using Silicone Wristbands in Central American Adolescents.","journal":"Exposure and health","published":"2026-03-09","design":"human_cross_sectional","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Galaxolide was detected on 100% of silicone wristbands from Nicaraguan adolescents, but no individual chemicals were significantly associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"NIH\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41734465","pmid":"41734465","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1002/jat.70128","title":"Galaxolide, a Synthetic Musk, Disrupts Hepatic Mitochondrial Redox Balance in Mozambique Tilapia.","journal":"Journal of applied toxicology : JAT","published":"2026-02-24","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Galaxolide exposure altered antioxidant enzyme activities, induced oxido-nitrative stress, and caused hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction and tissue lesions in Mozambique tilapia.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"University Grant\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:41610906","pmid":"41610906","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.yrtph.2026.106039","title":"Evidence integration in TSCA risk evaluation: The value of tiered risk assessment - A case study using HHCB.","journal":"Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP","published":"2026-01-27","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Environmental exposure estimates for HHCB decreased progressively from deterministic modeling to probabilistic modeling to monitoring data in a tiered risk assessment case study.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40972849","pmid":"40972849","pmcid":"PMC12525392","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2025.122885","title":"Unraveling the environmental links to feline hyperthyroidism: Insights from silicone passive samplers.","journal":"Environmental research","published":"2025-09-17","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Silicone pet tags detected higher concentrations of galaxolide and tonalide in cats with hyperthyroidism compared to euthyroid cats, though associations were not statistically significant.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Institute of Environmental Health\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40961601","pmid":"40961601","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119066","title":"Influence of wastewater discharge and seasonal variability on synthetic musk compounds in major Korean rivers.","journal":"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety","published":"2025-09-16","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Galaxolide and Tonalide were consistently detected in Korean river waters near wastewater discharge points, with peak concentrations in winter remaining below ecological threshold values.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Ministry of\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40903009","pmid":"40903009","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1002/jat.4918","title":"Single and Combined Impact of Environmental Concentrations of Galaxolide (HHCB) and Tonalide (AHTN) on Melanopsis praemorsa: Evaluating Genotoxicity and Stress Response Mechanisms.","journal":"Journal of applied toxicology : JAT","published":"2025-09-03","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure to galaxolide and tonalide alone and in combination induced oxidative stress, DNA damage response, heat shock protein expression, apoptosis, and histopathological changes in Melanopsis praemorsa.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40863948","pmid":"40863948","pmcid":"PMC12389833","doi":"10.3390/toxics13080673","title":"Assessment of Organic Pollutants Desorbed from Plastic Litter Items Stranded on Cadiz Beaches (SW Spain).","journal":"Toxics","published":"2025-08-09","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"Analysis of stranded beach litter in Spain detected galaxolide and tonalide among dominant desorbed fragrances, exceeding 100 ng/g in some plastic items.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"University\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40683239","pmid":"40683239","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109683","title":"From microbiota to metabolism: Unveiling the hidden ecological threat of galaxolide (HHCB) to zebrafish through aquatic microcosm.","journal":"Environment international","published":"2025-07-14","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure to HHCB in an aquatic microcosm altered gut microbiota diversity and composition and caused dose-dependent metabolic disturbances in zebrafish.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40724886","pmid":"40724886","pmcid":"PMC12294896","doi":"10.3390/ijms26146636","title":"Enhanced Phytoremediation of Galaxolide Using Lemna minor: Mechanisms, Efficiency, and Environmental Implications.","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","published":"2025-07-10","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"Lemna minor removed over 97% of galaxolide from water via sorption, uptake, and photodegradation, though exposure adversely affected plant growth and photosynthetic pigment levels.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40379007","pmid":"40379007","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126464","title":"The global distribution characteristics, concentration correlations, and risk assessments for synthetic musks (SMs).","journal":"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)","published":"2025-05-14","design":"other","finding":"mixed","summary":"Synthetic musks generally posed low risks, but some compounds may pose higher risks to sensitive species and humans in certain regions.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40347724","pmid":"40347724","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118287","title":"The derivation of seawater quality criteria and ecological risk assessment of Tonalide.","journal":"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety","published":"2025-05-10","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Toxicity tests on marine species derived seawater quality criteria for Tonalide, identifying Litopenaeus vannamei as the most sensitive species and evaluating regional ecological risks.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40334462","pmid":"40334462","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179578","title":"Sorption of semi-volatile organic compounds to clothing textiles.","journal":"The Science of the total environment","published":"2025-05-06","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Textile-air partition coefficients were determined for semi-volatile organic compounds, including galaxolide, across nine fabric types under varying chamber conditions.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:40199163","pmid":"40199163","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109803","title":"Reveal resistance mechanisms of Mirabilis jalapa L. when exposed to galaxolide and polystyrene microplastics stress, from individual, cellular and molecular level.","journal":"Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB","published":"2025-03-18","design":"other","finding":"mixed","summary":"Mirabilis jalapa tolerated galaxolide and polystyrene microplastics exposure, maintaining growth and activating antioxidant defense and metabolic pathways despite induced oxidative stress.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Ministry of\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:39884151","pmid":"39884151","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109403","title":"Modulation of plant carbon and nitrogen metabolism by novel actinobacteria Rhodospirillum sp. to combat galaxolide toxicity in barley and maize plants.","journal":"Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB","published":"2024-12-12","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"Galaxolide exhibited phytotoxic effects on growth, photosynthesis, and metabolism in barley and maize, which were alleviated by treatment with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Rhodospirillum sp. JY3.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:39640628","pmid":"39640628","pmcid":"PMC11620069","doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39005","title":"Assessment of water quality and emerging pollutants in two fish species from the mallorquin swamp in the Colombian Caribbean.","journal":"Heliyon","published":"2024-10-05","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Mugil incilis fish from the Mallorquín Swamp showed bioaccumulation of emerging pollutants, including galaxolide at 139.49 ± 34.98 μg/kg.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Universidad\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:38657505","pmid":"38657505","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134277","title":"Biocide and other semi-volatile organic compound concentrations in settled indoor dust of CRESPI daycare centers and implication for public health.","journal":"Journal of hazardous materials","published":"2024-04-11","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Galaxolide was measured in daycare settled dust at a median of 884 ng/g, with estimated ingestion intakes indicating no major public health concern.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:38466636","pmid":"38466636","pmcid":"PMC10976898","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.4c00840","title":"Assessing Contributions of Synthetic Musk Compounds from Wastewater Treatment Plants to Atmospheric and Aquatic Environments.","journal":"Environmental science & technology","published":"2024-03-11","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Wastewater and air samples from four Ontario treatment plants showed galaxolide and tonalide were among the most abundant synthetic musks present and discharged into the environment.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Government\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:37806134","pmid":"37806134","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115538","title":"Occurrence, time trends, and human exposure of siloxanes and synthetic musk compounds in indoor dust from Korean homes.","journal":"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety","published":"2023-10-06","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Analysis of Korean indoor dust from 2011 to 2021 found widespread presence of HHCB and AHTN, with increasing concentrations and exposure via dust ingestion and dermal absorption.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Ministry of\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:37797914","pmid":"37797914","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108477","title":"Adverse effect of environmental androgenic compounds Galaxolide and Irgacure 369 on the male reproductive system.","journal":"Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","published":"2023-10-04","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Galaxolide exposure in mature male rats reduced sperm quality, altered sex hormone levels, increased oxidative stress markers, and caused histological damage to testicular tissue.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:37692435","pmid":"37692435","pmcid":"PMC10484750","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2023.1221780","title":"Galaxolide-contaminated soil and tolerance strategies in soybean plants using biofertilization and selenium nanoparticle supplementation.","journal":"Frontiers in plant science","published":"2023-08-24","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"Galaxolide contamination in soil induced oxidative stress in soybean plants, while biofertilization and selenium nanoparticle supplementation reduced oxidative markers and improved growth traits.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Ministry of\""],"fundingSource":"full_text","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:37387310","pmid":"37387310","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1039/d3em00139c","title":"Ecological risk of galaxolide and its transformation product galaxolidone: evidence from the literature and a case study in Guangzhou waterways.","journal":"Environmental science. Processes & impacts","published":"2023-08-16","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"Galaxolide presented medium to high ecological risks in aquatic environments and Guangzhou waterways, with in silico modeling confirming endocrine effects for both galaxolide and its transformation product.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:37531678","pmid":"37531678","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106120","title":"The combined toxicity of silver nanoparticles and typical personal care products in diatom Navicula sp.","journal":"Marine environmental research","published":"2023-07-29","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Galaxolide caused toxicity and damaged photosynthesis in diatom Navicula sp., an effect attenuated by low doses of silver nanoparticles.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:37245793","pmid":"37245793","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121893","title":"Global distribution and ecological risk assessment of synthetic musks in the environment.","journal":"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)","published":"2023-05-26","design":"other","finding":"mixed","summary":"HHCB and AHTN were the predominant synthetic musks globally, presenting low ecological risks in most waters and sediments but high risks at sites near sewage treatment plants.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:37178850","pmid":"37178850","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164139","title":"Individual and combined toxicity of silver nanoparticles and triclosan or galaxolide in the freshwater algae Euglena sp.","journal":"The Science of the total environment","published":"2023-05-11","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Galaxolide exhibited toxicity in freshwater algae Euglena sp., which was attenuated by the addition of silver nanoparticles through reduced oxidative stress and promoted defense responses.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:37169086","pmid":"37169086","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138879","title":"Full profile contamination process simulation and risk prediction of synthetic musk from reclaimed water receiving river to groundwater via vadose zone: A case study of Chaobai River.","journal":"Chemosphere","published":"2023-05-09","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"A simulation model showed galaxolide from reclaimed water accumulates in the vadose zone and groundwater, predicting ecological risks over long-term infiltration.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:37121283","pmid":"37121283","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138786","title":"Fragrance materials affect life history parameters and gene expression in Daphnia magna: An emerging issue for freshwater ecosystems.","journal":"Chemosphere","published":"2023-04-28","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Chronic exposure to Galaxolide (HHCB) at 10 μg L-1 affected development and reproduction in Daphnia magna, though 48-hour exposure did not alter the measured target genes.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:37054615","pmid":"37054615","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107699","title":"Effect of HHCB and Cd on phytotoxicity, accumulation, subcellular distribution and stereoselectivity of chiral HHCB in soil-plant systems.","journal":"Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB","published":"2023-04-07","design":"other","finding":"concern","summary":"Co-exposure to HHCB and cadmium in soil reduced chlorophyll content, increased oxidative stress, and altered the accumulation, subcellular distribution, and stereoselectivity of HHCB in pakchoi.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:36906002","pmid":"36906002","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138329","title":"Galaxolide and Irgacure 369 are novel environmental androgens.","journal":"Chemosphere","published":"2023-03-09","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Galaxolide activated human androgen receptor transcriptional activity in vitro and induced seminal vesicle cell proliferation and histological changes in immature male rats.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:36868485","pmid":"36868485","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2023.104092","title":"Filtration of biopolymer PHB particles loaded with synthetic musks does not cause significant bioaccumulation in marine mussels.","journal":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","published":"2023-03-01","design":"animal","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Exposure of marine mussels to PHB particles loaded with synthetic musks resulted in low tissue concentrations, indicating a minor role for PHB in musk bioaccumulation.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:36868414","pmid":"36868414","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138273","title":"Adverse thyroid hormone and behavioral alterations induced by three frequently used synthetic musk compounds in embryo-larval zebrafish (Danio rerio).","journal":"Chemosphere","published":"2023-03-01","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure of embryo-larval zebrafish to HHCB and AHTN caused hypoactivity, and HHCB significantly decreased T4 thyroid hormone levels at environmentally relevant concentrations.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Ministry of\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:36739842","pmid":"36739842","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.062","title":"Optimistic effects of galaxolide and polystyrene microplastic stress on the physio-biochemical characteristics and metabolic profiles of an ornamental plant.","journal":"Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB","published":"2023-02-01","design":"other","finding":"mixed","summary":"Galaxolide and polystyrene microplastic exposure altered antioxidant activity, stomatal conductance, transpiration, and metabolic pathways in Mirabilis jalapa without significantly affecting net photosynthetic rate.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:36573888","pmid":"36573888","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1002/jmr.3005","title":"Interactions between polycyclic musks and human lactoferrin: Multi-spectroscopic methods and docking simulation.","journal":"Journal of molecular recognition : JMR","published":"2023-01-31","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Spectroscopic and docking analyses showed that HHCB and AHTN bound human lactoferrin, altered its secondary conformation, and decreased its antimicrobial activity.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:36653626","pmid":"36653626","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1007/s00244-023-00978-3","title":"The Acute and Chronic Effects of a Sediment-Bound Synthetic Musk, Galaxolide, on Hyalella azteca, Chironomus dilutus, and Lumbriculus variegatus.","journal":"Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology","published":"2023-01-19","design":"animal","finding":"concern","summary":"Exposure to sediment-bound Galaxolide caused acute and chronic toxicity, growth reductions, and molecular alterations in benthic invertebrates at concentrations exceeding environmentally relevant levels.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Research Council\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:36403442","pmid":"36403442","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130387","title":"Seasonal occurrence and risk assessment of endocrine-disrupting compounds in Tagus estuary biota (NE Atlantic Ocean coast).","journal":"Journal of hazardous materials","published":"2022-11-11","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Galaxolide was detected in 81% of Tagus estuary biota samples, but estimated dietary intake from fish consumption was below toxicological threshold values for human health.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"Fundação para a Ciência\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:36058278","pmid":"36058278","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2022.114236","title":"Occurrence and risk assessment of endocrine-disrupting compounds in fish muscle: The case study of the Douro River estuary (North East Atlantic Ocean).","journal":"Environmental research","published":"2022-09-01","design":"other","finding":"no_effect","summary":"Galaxolide and tonalide were detected in 15.9% and 4.6% of estuarine fish muscle samples, with estimated daily intakes suggesting no health concerns for adult fish consumers.","funding":"unclear","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":[],"fundingSource":"none","verified":false},{"id":"pmid:35835236","pmid":"35835236","pmcid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135667","title":"Biological responses of alga Euglena gracilis to triclosan and galaxolide and the regulation of humic acid.","journal":"Chemosphere","published":"2022-07-11","design":"in_vitro","finding":"concern","summary":"Galaxolide showed increasing toxicity to Euglena gracilis with prolonged exposure, causing oxidative stress and purine metabolism perturbations that humic acid alleviated.","funding":"independent","conflictOfInterest":false,"fundingEvidence":["public: \"National Natural Science Foundation of China\""],"fundingSource":"grant_metadata","verified":false}],"model":"gemini-3.8-flash","run":{"aiCalls":40,"cachedPapers":0,"offTopic":1,"inputTokens":27614,"outputTokens":5386}}